Of the TNM stages, what is the most important prognostic factor?
Metastases (p.219)
What are benign tumors of the epithelium called?
Adenomas, papillomas (p.219)
What are benign tumors of blood vessels called?
Hemangiomas (p.219)
What are benign tumors of smooth muscle called?
Leiomyomas (p.219)
What are benign tumors of striated muscle called?
Rhabdomyomas (p.219)
What are benign tumors of connective tissue called?
Fibromas (p.219)
What are benign tumors of bone called?
Osteomas (p.219)
What are benign tumors of fat called?
Lipomas (p.219)
What seven tissue types are considered mesenchymal tissue?
Blood cells, blood vessels, smooth muscle, striated muscle, connective tissue, bone, and fat (p.219)
What are malignant tumors of the epithelium called?
Adenocarcinomas, papillary carcinomas (p.219)
What are malignant tumors of blood cells called?
Leukemias, lymphomas (p.219)
What are malignant tumors of blood vessels called?
Angiosarcomas (p.219)
What are malignant tumors of smooth muscle called?
Leiomyosarcomas (p.219)
What are malignant tumors of striated muscle called?
Rhabdomyosarcomas (p.219)
What are malignant tumors of connective tissue called?
Fibrosarcomas (p.219)
What are malignant tumors of bone called?
Osteosarcomas (p.219)
What are malignant tumors of fat called?
Liposarcomas (p.219)
What is implicated by the term ‘carcinoma?
Epithelial origin (p.219)
What is implicated by the term ‘sarcoma?
Mesenchymal origin (p.219)
What are the most common morphological differences between benign and malignant tumors?
Benign tumors are usually well differentiated, slow growing, well demarcated, and without metastasis; malignant tumors may be poorly differentiated with erratic growth and are usually locally invasive/ diffuse and may metastasize (p.220)
What is cachexia?
Weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in chronic disease (e.g. cancer, AIDS, heart disease, TB) (p.220)
What inflammatory mediators contribute to cachexia?
TNF-a, IFN-y, IL-6 (p.220)
What neoplasms are associated with Down Syndrome?
ALL, AML (p.220)
What neoplasms are associated with Xeroderma Pigmentosum?
Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and especially squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (p.220)
What neoplasms are associated with Albinism?
Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and especially squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (p.220)