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PAS 753 (Molecular Pathophysiology) > Neoplasm > Flashcards

Neoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

tumor

A

abnormal swelling or mass in the body

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2
Q

malignant

A

an abnormal growth that tends to spread

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3
Q

cancer

A

malignant tumor that invades healthy tissue and metastizes

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4
Q

T/F the term neoplasm includes benign and malignant tumors

A

true

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5
Q

what is the most common cancer in men

A

lung cancer, followed by prostate

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6
Q

what are the 5 most lethal cancers

A
  1. lung
  2. colorectal
  3. breast
  4. pancreatic
  5. prostate
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7
Q

four DNA insults that result in neoplastic mutation

A
  1. copy errors
  2. radiation
  3. chemicals
  4. cosmic rays
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8
Q

why are older people less protected from neoplasm by DNA repair

A

cumulative errors results in diminished repair efficiency

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9
Q

two genes important to tumor growth

A

oncogenes

tumor repressor genes

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10
Q

oncogenes

A

mutated proto-oncogenes with a gain of function mutation

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11
Q

what will a mutation in a tumor repressor gene do

A

take off the stops that keep cells from dividing at will

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12
Q

two types of tumor suppressor genes

A
  1. gatekeeper genes
  2. caretaker genes
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13
Q

gatekeeper genes

A

tumor suppressors that regulate the cell cycle and influence contact inhibition of cell growth

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14
Q

caretaker genes

A

tumor suppressor genes that repair DNA damage and maintain the integrity of the genome

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15
Q

two exmamples of tumor suppressor genes

A
  1. BRCA 1 and 2
  2. P53
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16
Q

what three things must happen in the multi-step theory of oncogenesis

A
  1. proto-oncogene gain of function
  2. tumor suppressor gene loss of function
  3. failure of immune surveillance
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17
Q

why is genetic testing important to oncogenesis

A

it can help determine susceptibility

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18
Q

how long do most tumors take to form

A

years to decades

19
Q

three viruses associated with cancer and the cancer they cause

A
  1. Hep B and C (liver cancer)
  2. HPV (cervical cancer)
  3. Epstein barr (lymphoma)
20
Q

what two characteristics make epithelium and endothelium vulnerble to neoplasm

A
  1. exposure to the environment
  2. rapid division
21
Q

what is one particular type of cell line that are less likely to be neoplastic

A

mesoderm derived cells (muscle, bone, nerves)

22
Q

carcinoma

A

epithelial origin

23
Q

endothelian

A

adenocarcinoma

24
Q

sarcoma

A

mesodermal origin

25
Q

leukemia or lymphoma

A

hematopoetic

26
Q

anaplastic

A

undermined orgin

27
Q

six characteristics of neoplastic cells

A
  1. pleiomorphic
  2. large nucleus
  3. frequently dividing
  4. loss of differentiation
  5. loss of cell to cell cohesion
  6. evasion of apoptosis
28
Q

three unique featuers of malignant cells

A
  1. fewer intracellular repair mechanisms so mutations accumulate
  2. genetically abnormal
  3. unique antigens
29
Q

T/F the genome of a malignant cell is stable

A

false, it is very unstable and has a large number of non-coding DNA mutations

30
Q

driver mutations

A

mutations in cancerous cells that provide an advantage to growth

31
Q

hitchiker mutation

A

a mutation that doesn’t confer an advantage but occurs in the same genome as a driver mutation

32
Q

four aspects of multimodal cancer treatment

A
  1. surgery
  2. radiation
  3. chemotherapy
  4. immunotherapy
33
Q

four major factors in determining the success of cancer treatment

A
  1. age/health of the patient
  2. type of cancer
  3. quality healthcare
  4. stage of the cancer at diagnosis
34
Q

two cancer staging methods

A
  1. TNM
  2. conventional
35
Q

TNM staging

A

T: size of the primary tumor

N: involvement of lymph nodes

M: presence of distant metastases

36
Q

describe the conventional staging system

A
  1. small primary tumor with no spread to node
  2. larger tumor with significant node involvement
  3. even larger tumor with spread to distant nodes
  4. presence of distant metastases
37
Q

what are the four most common sites of metastases

A
  1. brain
  2. bone
  3. liver
  4. lungs
38
Q

brute force approach to cancer treatment

A

uses cytotoxic drugs and radiation to kill rapidly dividing cells

39
Q

three methods of targeted cancer therapy

A
  1. monoclonal antibodies
  2. blocking immune evasion
  3. invitro treatment of lymphcytes to target cancer antigens
40
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

why are they useful in cancer treatment

A

antibodies derived from a single B cell clone

they will only bind with one antigen, specifically those on cancer cells

41
Q

what is PD-1?

what does it do?

why is it relevant to cancer treatment

A

a surface cell receptor common to cancer cells

it down regulates T cell function and diminished immune response

antibodies that target PD-1 receptors will allow for a normal immune response to cancer cells

42
Q

describe in vitro lymphocyte treatment

A

NK cells are isolated from a tumor and cultured with interleukin 2, then reintroduced to the body to attack tumor cells

43
Q

is eradicating cancer a reasonable goal

A

no, but it may be possible to make it into a managable disease

PAS 753 (Molecular Pathophysiology) (17 decks)

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