- What makes up the telencephalon? What makes up the diencephalon?
The telencephalon has four major components:
the cerebral cortex,
the limbic forebrain structures,
the basal ganglia, and
the olfactory system. T
he diencephalon consists of two major structures:
the thalamus and hypothalamus and two smaller structures, the epithalamus and subthalamus.
- Predict the effect of the poison ouabain, which blocks Na+ / K+ pumps, on the neuronal action potential. (Hint: Think about what would happen to the sodium and
potassium ion gradients.)
Blocking the Na+/K+ pump would disrupt the resting membrane potential and eventually deplete the Na+ and K+ gradients. This would diminish the amount of Na+ in the extracellular fluid available for depolarization and the amount of K+ in the cytosol available for repolarization. Eventually, action potentials would stop.
- What are the functions of all four cerebral lobes?
Occipital Lobe:
Primary Functions: Main center for visual processing.
Temporal Lobe:
Primary Functions: Involved in processing auditory information and is also important for the processing of semantics in both speech and vision.
Parietal Lobe:
Primary Functions: Processes sensory information it receives from the outside world, mainly relating to spatial sense and navigation (proprioception), and the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch.
Frontal Lobe:
Primary Functions: Responsible for higher cognitive functions, personality expression, decision making, and voluntary movement.
- What are the functions of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord?
ventral roots (anterior roots) allow motor neurons to exit the spinal cord. dorsal roots (posterior roots) allow sensory neurons to enter the spinal cord
- What are the components of the reflex arc? (List in proper order)
Receptors→sensory neuron→spinal cord→motor neuron→muscles.
- How does the sodium-potassium pump accomplish its function of maintaining the electrochemical potential across a cell membrane?
The sodium-potassium pump goes through cycles of shape changes to help maintain a negative membrane potential. In each cycle, three sodium ions exit the cell, while two potassium ions enter the cell. These ions travel against the concentration gradient, so this process requires ATP.
- Which component of a neuron is responsible for electrochemically stimulating nearby cells?
The dendrites
- The primary purpose of the sodium/potassium pump is to __________.
a) export three sodium ions, import two potassium ions, and establish cell membrane resting potential
b) export two potassium ions, import three sodium ions, and establish cell membrane resting potential
c) export two sodium ions, import three potassium ions, and establish cell membrane resting potential
d) export two sodium ions, import three potassium ions, and cause an action potential
e) export two potassium ions, import three sodium ions, and cause an action potential
a) export three sodium ions, import two potassium ions, and establish cell membrane resting potential
- When a neuron is unable to produce another action potential no matter how much stimulation is provided, what period is the neuron said to be in?
refractory period
- An action potential travels down a neuronal axon. Which of the following is occurring during the depolarization of the neuron?
sodium is flowing into the neuron during depolarization.
- What makes up the brain stem?
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
- Flexion is _________ movement _______ the body, while extension is _________ movement _______ from the body.
___inwards________towards_____
____outward__________away__
- What types of functions are performed by the CNS?
The central nervous system’s responsibilities include receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information.
- What is a normal response upon testing the plantar reflex in adults? What is the normal response upon testing the plantar reflex in infants?
In adults, the normal response to testing the plantar reflex (Babinski reflex) is the flexion or curling downward of the toes, In infants, especially those under the age of 1 or 2, it is normal to observe a different response known as the Babinski reflex. In the Babinski reflex, the toes fan out and the big toe moves upward, while the other toes fan outward.
- In terms of survival, to which of the four divisions of the brain would an injury be most damaging? Explain.
Brainstem, Damage to the brainstem can have immediate and life-threatening consequences due to its central role in regulating these vital functions The brainstem includes the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and it plays a key role in controlling essential functions such as:
Breathing:
Heart Rate:
Reflexes:
Consciousness:
- In which of the four divisions of the brain might an injury cause changes in personality? Explain.
Frontal lobe, this is bc The frontal lobe is involved in various higher cognitive functions, including decision-making, social behavior, personality expression, and emotional control.
- Predict what would happen if a patient had damage to the cerebellum.
Damage to the cerebellum can result in a range of motor coordination and balance issues, as the cerebellum plays a crucial role in the coordination and smooth execution of voluntary movements.
- Match the following terms with the correct definition/description:
- occipital lobe
a. Outer few millimeters of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres
- cerebral cortex
b. Groups of myelinated axons that connect regions of the cerebrum and other parts of the brain
- cerebral white matter
c. Middle and superior cerebral lobe
- parietal lobe
d. Posterior cerebral lobe
occipital lobe:
d. Posterior cerebral lobe
cerebral cortex:
a. Outer few millimeters of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres
cerebral white matter:
b. Groups of myelinated axons that connect regions of the cerebrum and other parts of the brain
parietal lobe:
c. Middle and superior cerebral lobe
