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Anatomy > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What does the sensory component of the nervous system do?

A

monitor changes on the outside and inside of the body

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3
Q

What does the motor component of the nervous system do?

A

carries out changes based on the interpretation by the integrative component of the nervous system

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4
Q

What does the integrative component of the nervous system do?

A

it interprets and processes the information that arrives from the sensory component.

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5
Q

Describe main parts of the neuron.

A

dendrite, axon, cell body

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6
Q

what is a dendrite?

A

process carrying incoming information.

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7
Q

what is the cell body (Soma)?

A

the area surrounding the nucleus

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8
Q

what is the axon?

A

process carrying information out of the neuron.

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9
Q

What does the myelin around the axon do?

A

the myelin sheath allows for saltatory conduction, speeding up the time of travel of the information.

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10
Q

how does communication between neurons occur?

A

1 neuron send the information, traveling through the axon and reaching the terminals, releasing the neurotransmitter onto the other neuron, and causing it to depolarize.

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11
Q

how do you call the neuron that sends the message and the one that receives it?

A

sending the message: pre-synaptic receiving the message: post-synaptic

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12
Q

Name the 2 structural divisions of the nervous system.

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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13
Q

Name the 2 functional divisions of the nervous system.

A

Somatic Nervous System Automatic Nervous System

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14
Q

What is the central nervous system composed of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves that allow for communication between the rest of the body and the brain and spinal cord.

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16
Q

What is a Ganglia?

A

collection of neurons with a common function found outside the brain. They are cranial, spinal, or autonomic.

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17
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

they are nerves that emerge from the brain

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18
Q

How many nerves compose the PNS?

A

12 pairs of cranial and 31 spinal nerves from the spinal cord

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19
Q

What is white and grey matter?

A

white matter is myelinated axons grey matter is non myelinated cell bodies

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20
Q

what is a nerve?

A

bundles of axons, capillaries, connective tissue, and neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells). They are sensory, motor, or mixed.

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21
Q

What are autonomic ganglia?

A

are motor ganglia and no synapses occur on them.

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22
Q

Name two PNS components.

A

Nerves and Ganglia

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23
Q

what are the 4 major spinal cord divisions?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral

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24
Q

how are spinal cord segments numbered?

A

they are numbered by the exit of their associated spinal nerves

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25
Q

Where to nerves exit from C1-C7?

A

above their corresponding vertebrae

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26
Q

How many cervical spines are there?

A

8

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27
Q

Where does the 8th cervical nerve exit?

A

it exits underneath the C7 and above the 1st thoracic

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28
Q

identify the pia mater, spinal cord, arachnoid and dura mater, dorsal root and ventral root

A
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29
Q

Identify intervertebral foramen, spinal nerve, intervertebral disc, pedicle, zygoapophisial “facet” joint.

A
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30
Q

Identify intervertebral foramen, spinal nerve, intervertebral disc, pedicle, zygoapophisial “facet” joint.

A
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31
Q

Do spinal nerves contain only visceral components?

A

no! they contain somatic and visceral components

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32
Q

What are Afferent Spinal Nerves?

A

they are sensory spinal nerves, they send information to to the spinal cord (temp, touch, pain, stretch)

33
Q

What are Efferent Spinal Nerves?

A

they take information from the spinal cord to glands and muscles

34
Q

What composes the somatic component of spinal nerves?

A

it is the skin and skeletal muscles

35
Q

What composes the visceral component of spinal nerves?

A

it refers to organs.

36
Q

Name the 4 components of a spinal nerves.

A

1- General Somatic Afferents (GSA)

2- Genreal Somatic Efferents (GSE)

3- General Visceral Afferents (GVA)

4- General Visceral Efferents (GVE)

37
Q

What are General Somatic Afferents (GSA)?

A

They take information from skin, skeletal muscle, tendon, and connective tissue to the spinal cord.

38
Q

What are General Somatic Efferent?

A

They take motor information to skeletal muscles.

39
Q

What are General Visceral Afferent?

A

Take sensations from the organs to the spinal cord.

40
Q

What are General Visceral Efferent (GVE)?

A

Take motor information to the organs.

41
Q

Do primary rami of spinal nerves have all 4 components (GSE, GSA, GVAGVE) dorsally and ventrally?

A

yes

42
Q

Who does the primary dorsal rami of spinal nerves supply?

A

It supplies only the intrinsic muscles of the back, skin of the back.

43
Q

Who does the primary ventral rami of spinal nerves supply?

A

It supplies the limbs, torso, head, neck and all internal organs.

44
Q

In what 2 ways can spinal nerves exist?

A

they can exist as single nerves and as plexuses (network of nerves)

45
Q

Give an example of a spinal nerve that exists as a single nerve?

A

Intercostal nerves, each intercostal nerve corresponds to a single spinal neve.

Ex: the intercostal nerve of T10 is a ventral ramus that branches from the T10 spinal nerve.

46
Q

Give an example of a spinal nerve existing as a plexus.

A

The brachial plexus.

Its a network of ventral rami in the axilla that redistribute their axons to form other nerves.

47
Q

What is a autonomic plexus?

A

these course along arteries to reach their target organs

48
Q

Give an example of autonomic plexuses?

A

pulmonary plexus to the lung, cardiac plexus to the heart.

49
Q

Can General Visceral Afferent and General Visceral Efferent form autonomic plexuses?

A

Yes, GVE and GVA aid in the formation of them

50
Q

What is a cutaneous nerve?

A

they are mixed nerves that supply the skin and its structures

51
Q

What structures in the skin do cutaneous nerves supply?

A

1- smooth muscle

2- sweat glands

3- smooth muscle in blood vessels of the skin

4- the skin itself

52
Q

is a cutaneous nerve the same as a sensory nerve?

A

no! they only have GSA, GVA, GVE

53
Q

What happens if a peripheral nerve gets severed or crushed?

A

The distal portions of the axons degenerate. If the fibers get reapproximated, new axons can grow out to innervate the structure or region.

54
Q

What happens if a central nervous system nerve is severed or crushed?

A

There can be minimal repair as well as regeneration. Axons may grow out, but few will get to the correct place. This is why there will be minimal functional activity.

55
Q

Describe the basic functions of the Autonomic Nervous System.

A

This system coordinates viseral activities and maintains homeostasis by adjusting the temperature of the body.

56
Q

where is the autonomic nervous system located?

A

within both, central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

57
Q

How does the Autonomic Nervous System work?

A

Works through GVA and GVE. GVA sends information to spinal cord about changes in viscera that eventually gets relayed to the CNS. This information travels with somatic components that aid in regulation of other organs such as the herat, lungs, etc. The GVE are the motor nerves that provide innervation to mainly smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands; whose fibers start at the central nervous system.

58
Q

Name two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System and what they do.

A

1- sympathetic: usually related to stressful situations; “fight or flight”

2- Parasympathetic:usually related to more relaxed processes; “rest and digest”

59
Q

How are GVE differentiated from GSE?

A

GVE works on the organs and they are also organized into a two neuron chain.

60
Q

Identify the 3 ganglia used by GVE fibers in the autonomic nervous sytem.

A

1- lateral (paravertebral) ganglia: paired structures alongside the vertebral column

2- collateral (paravertebral/ pre-aortic) ganglia: structures located anterior to the vertebral column

3- Terminal ganglia: these structures are found in or near the walls of the organs and cannot be observed grossly because of their size.

61
Q

What is the post-ganglionic (post-synaptic) neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

(NE) Norepinephrine

62
Q

What is the pre-ganglionic (pre-synaptic) neurotransmitter for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and is also the postganglionic neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

(ACh) Acetylcholine

63
Q

Answer the blue box information!

A
64
Q

What do sympathetic nerves do?

A

increase heart rate, increase blood flow to heart muscles and skeletal muscles, increase skeletal muscle strength and performance, reduce blood flow to the skin, reduce blood flow to internal organs, shut down digestion process, shut down peristalsis, shut down kidney function, open bronchi, raise blood sugar, reduce conscious thought process in the higher brain.

65
Q

what do the parasympathetic nerves do?

A

slows heart rate, lower blood pressure, increase blood flow to skin and internal organs, stimulate peristalsis, digestion, and elimination, stimulate glandular secretions, enhance sexual arousal, stimulates anabolic activity (absorption of nutrients, store energy, formation of protein building block)

66
Q

Answer the blue squares

A
67
Q

What are the 3 possible options for distribution of sympathetic fibers?

A

1) from the lateral horn (T1-L2), the preganglionic (presynaptic) fiber (GVE) can exit the spinal cord and synapse on a posganglionic neuron at the corresponding spinal cord level within the sympathetic chain and exit in the corresponding spinal nerve to target.
2) from the lateral horn (T1-L2), the preganglionic (presynaptic) fiber (GVE) can exit the spinal cord and synapse on a posganglionic neuron at the higher or lower level within the sympathetic chain and exit in corresponding spinal nerve or a visceral plexus then to target.
3) from the lateral horn (T1-L2), the preganglionic (presynaptic) fiber (GVE) can exit the spinal cord and enter the sympathetic chain (no synapse). From there it can exit a splanchnic nerve and synapse on a post-ganglionic neuron in a preaortic (prevertebral) gnaglion to visceral plexus then to the target.

68
Q

Where are the Greater Splanchnic nerves?

A

T5-T9

69
Q

Where are the lesser Splanchnic nerves?

A

T10-T11

70
Q

Where are the Least Splanchnic nerves?

A

T12

71
Q

Where are the Lumbar Splanchnic nerves?

A

L1-L2

72
Q

Name the Splanchnic nerves….GO!

A

1) Cardiopulmonary nerve (sympathetic-post-synaptic)
2) Thoracic splanchnic (sympathetic-pre-synaptic)
3) Lumbar splanchnic (sympathetic-pre-synaptic)
4) Sacral splanchnic (sympathetic-pre-synaptic)
5) Pelvic splanchnic (para-sympathetic-pre-synaptic)

73
Q

What are the Autonomic Afferents?

A

1) primary visceral afferents
2) central connections
3) visceral sensations
4) refered pain

74
Q

What is the primary visceral afferent?

A

They go from organ to spinal cord.

On the parasympathetic side its composed of the glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, pelvic splanchnic nerves. These control reflexes.

On the sympathetic side, these are nerves from T1-L2 and they convey pain.

75
Q

Do visceral plexuses have somatic fibers?

A

no!!!

76
Q

What is the visceral sensation component of the visceral afferents?

A

visveral afferents travel with autonomic fibers. In sympathetics it travels with pain information. In parasympathetics it travels with other sensory information (distention, reflex)

Visceral sensation is poorly localized, has little cortical representation, and usually pain results from excessive stretch, contraction or ischemia.

77
Q

What is referred pain?

A

It is information that is typically relayed to spinal level of pre-ganglionic sympathetic innervation. Primary afferent neurons often synapse on the same secondary afferent neurons as somatic primary afferents.

Usually pain is pervieved in a somatic location instead of the location of the affected viscera.

78
Q
A

Anatomy (3 decks)

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