Nervous system Flashcards by Megan Vallandingham

Motor innervation to the stomach is classified as

Visceral motor

From the ANS and innervate the smooth muscle and glands of the stomach

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Seeing cup of water
To the brain
Drinking cup of water…. explains the nervous system process

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

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Somatic sensory and somatic motor examples

SS- pain, pressure, vision

SM-contraction of skeletal muscles

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Visceral sensory and motor examples

VS- hunger and taste

VM- secretion of pancreas, contraction of bladder and heart

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What neuroglia regulates the neuronal environment

Astrocyte

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What neuroglia removes micro organisms and other debris form the CNS via phagocytosis

Microglial cell

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What neuroglia form a permeable lining of the hollow region of the CNS

Ependymal cells

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What neuroglia produce myelin in the CNS

Oligodendrocyte

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What neuroglia surround the cell bodies in the PNS

Satellite cells

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What neuroglia produce myelin in the PNS

Schwann cells

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Name the specific functions for visceral sensory in the PNS

Taste, hunger, detects stretch of stomach wall, monitors chemical changes in blood

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Name the specific functions for visceral motor in the PNS

Autonomic nervous system
Motor innervation of the heart muscle
Contraction of smooth muscle of small intestine wall

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Name the specific functions for somatic sensory in the PNS

Proprioception from upper limb muscles
Sense of soft touch from skin
Temperature change on skin surface

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Name the specific functions for

Somatic motor in the PNS

Motor innervation of skeletal muscles

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———- are the neuroglia,which help regulate the reuptake of neurotransmitters from neural tissue

Astrocytes

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Cell bodies of unipolar neurons are insulated from adjacent cell bodies by ———

Satellite cells

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Axons of unipolar neurons are insulated by ————-, which increase the speed of the electrical impulse

Schwann cells

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The myelin sheath of the central nervous system is formed by ———

Oligodendrocytes

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The ventricles of the brain are lined with ———, which form an epithelial layer that is permeable to cerebrospinal fluid

Ependymal cells

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The macrophages of the central nervous system, which function to remove foreign microorganisms are called ——

Microglia

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What is multiple sclerosis and why would an MRI be helpful to detect MS?

It’s caused by the breakdown of myelin sheath surrounding the CNS. Oligodendrocytes are the lipid filled cells that make up the sheath in the CNS, so with MS the microglia cells target the oilogodendrocytes and break down the myelin sheath. No covering means neurons can’t properly send signals.
MRI shows areas with higher water concentration in contrast to tissues with low water content. Therefore, a damaged myelin sheath would not be able to repel water as well because of the lower lipid concentration, resulting in a tissue with higher concentration than healthy myelinated axons.

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What pathways would be affected by MS

Communication between spinal cord and visceral motor neurons
Communication between brain and somatic motor neurons
Sensory info being transmitted from a somatic sensory neurons to the cortex of the brain

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The basic components of the peripheral nervous system are

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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The somatic sensory division of the PNS includes what

general senses of pressure, pain, vibration, and temperature in body walls and limbs

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A somatic neuron carries

A motor commands to the skeletal musculature

List some special somatic senses

Smell, taste, equilibrium | NOT PAIN

The peripheral nerve fibers that speed up the movement of the digestive tract are classified as

General visceral motor (efferent)

The visceral motor division of the pns regulates what

Regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and regulates secretion by the body’s many glands

Is a neuron a collection of nerve fibers in the PNS?

No it’s not

Special somatic senses have receptors that are located mostly in the head, including balance hearing and vision...... true or false?

True

List some general visceral sensory impulses

Pain, hunger, temperature, nausea

Somatic motor subdivision of the PNS is considered to be what

Voluntary nervous system

Motor neurons form what

Junctions with effector cells, stimulating muscles to contract or glands to secrete

What is the function of synaptic vesicles inside axon terminals

Store and release neurotransmitters

The processes that branch from the cell body of a neuron and receives signals from other neurons are what

Dendrites

What factors contribute to increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmissions

The larger the diameter of axon and the presence of myelin sheath

What neurons are rare neurons, but are located in the retina and in the olfactory mucosa

Bipolar

Glial cells that provide the myelin sheath in the CNS are what

Oligodendrocytes

What is the site of communication between neurons

The synapse

The ——— of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron

Axon terminal

What are the regions of a neuron that are also called terminal boutons

Axon terminal

This region of a neuron are characterized by numerous, short cytoplasmic extensions and are often referred to as receiving regions

Dendrite

This part of a neuron may have branching collaterals

Axon

This neuronal region transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body

Axon

Most synapses transmit communicating signals using

Chemical signaling molecules neurotransmitters

What are some characteristics of neurons

High metabolic rate Longevity Inability to divide NOT ABILITY TO SURVIVE WITHOUT OXYGEN

Ganglia represents

Groups of neuron cell bodies

What is the path that an impulse takes across a synapse

Axon of presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, dendrite of postsynaptic neuron

The majority of neurons in the body are

Multipolar

Which cells are the microphages of the CNS

Microglial

What structure is only found in PNS as opposed to the CNS

A ganglion

List true statements about axons

It has a uniform diameter It has branches It’s referred to as a nerve fiber

Interneurons are only found in the

CNS

Most tumors in the brain originate from

Glial cells

Which cells provide the myelin sheath for neurons in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Which relatively rare type of neuron has two processes extending from opposite sides of the cell body

Bipolar

These glial cells surround the cell bodies of sensory neurons within ganglia of the PNS

Satellite cells

action potential travels along the

Axon membrane

List characteristics of dendrites

Typically occur as more than one per cell Conduct signals toward the cell body Are more extensive branching than axons NOT ALWAYS CONDUCT ACTION POTENTIALS

Myelin on axons functions to

Speed the rate of impulse conduction and insulate neighboring axons from one another

Which cell provides the myelin sheath for neurons in the pns

Schwann cells

Nonmyelinated axons....

Conduct impulses more slowly than myelinated axons

The difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons is that

Schwann cells wrap around myelinated axons in concentric layers

Ciliated neuroglial cells that form an epithelium and play an active role in forming and moving cerebrospinal fluid are

Ependymal cells

The chemical substance that is released at axon terminals is called a

Neurotransmitter

Vesicles containing neurotransmitters are located in

Axon terminals

Most neurons in the body are

Multipolar neurons

Which parts or part of the neuron are found in the white matter of the CNS

Long atonal processes

Within the white matter of the CNS, axons traveling to similar destinations are bundled together in

Tracts

Nerve fascicles are bound into bundles by a wrapping of CT called

Perineurium

Grey matter is a mixture of what

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia

White matter represents

Myelinated axons traveling together in the CNS

What encases the smallest component of a nerve

Endoneurium

In the region of the spinal cord, the cell bodies of most interneurons lie in

The dorsal half of the gray matter

The entire nerve is surrounded by a tough fibrous sheath called a

Epineurium

Grey matter in CNS contains what

Neuroglia Dendrites Neuron cell bodies NOT FIBER TRACTS

Put the components of a reflex arch in the correct order of their activation

Receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, effector

A man walking barefoot stepped on a piece of glass. His foot jerked upward in which type of reflex

Somatic, polysynaptic withdrawal reflex

White matter is what

Where neuron cell bodies are clustered

What does the cerebellum do in the CNS

Coordinates body movements and has been discovered to play a role in language, problem solving, and task planning

What does the midbrain regulate

Adjusts the rate and force of heart contractions, adjusts blood pressure, and regulates respiration rates