Nervous System Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Motor/efferent pathway controlling voluntary movement
A
Somatic Nervous System
2
Q
Motor/efferent pathway controlling involuntary movement
A
Autonomic Nervous System
3
Q
Division that regulates flight or fight response
A
Sympathetic Division
4
Q
Division that regulates rest & digest
A
Parasympathetic Division
5
Q
aka Cell Bodies or Perikarya
contains essential cellular components of the neuron
A
Soma
6
Q
cell bodies in the PNS
A
Ganglion
7
Q
cell bodies in the CNS
A
Nucleus
8
Q
- transmits signals to other neurons
- covered in fatty myelin that speeds up transmission signals
A
Axons or Nerve Fibers
9
Q
axons in the PNS
A
Nerve
10
Q
axons in the CNS
A
Tracts
11
Q
site where branches converge & co-mingle before being distributed
A
Nerve Plexus
12
Q
receive signals from other neurons
A
Dendrites
13
Q
sheath of living cells on the surface of PNS neurons that produces & maintains myelin
A
Neurillema
14
Q
neurons with one primary process that branches out
A
Unipolar
15
Q
neurons with two processes (dendrites + axon)
A
Bipolar
16
Q
neurons with one axon + multiple dendrites
A
Multipolar
17
Q
surrounds individual axons
A
Endoneurium
18
Q
bundles of axons targeting the same location
A
Fascicles
19
Q
surrounds each fasciculus
A
Perineurium
20
Q
group of several fascicles supplied by the same blood vessels
A
Nerve
21
Q
fibrous covering of a nerve
A
Epineurium
22
Q
non-transmitting cells that support neurons
A
Neuroglia
23
Q
phylogenetically oldest neuroglia that line the neurocoel (ventricles of the brain + central canal of the spinal cord) involved in the production of CSF
A
Ependymal Cells
24
Q
deposit myelin on the surface of PNS axons
A
Schwann Cells
25
deposit myelin on the surface of CNS axons
Oligodendrocytes
26
- found between blood capillaries and neurons in the CNS
- maintain the blood-brain barrier by transferring nutrients from the bloodstream into the neuron and recycling neurotransmitters and ions
Astrocytes
27
remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens via phagocytosis
Microglia
28
regulate nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in the PNS
Satellite Cells
29
centralization of complex responses in the front end of the nerve cord, resulting in a brain
Cephalization
30
- begins at the foramen magnum & continuous w/ the brain
| - contained within the vertebral column
Spinal Cord
31
- exit through intervertebral foramina
| - responsible for spinal reflexes & relaying info to & from the brain
Spinal Nerves
32
bundle of caudal vertebrae formed due to spinal cord being shorter
Cauda Equina
33
- part of spinal cord filled with cerebral spinal fluid
| - remnant of neurocoel
Central Canal
34
- unmyelinated nuclei & dendrites
- found in interior in the spinal cord
- found in exterior of the brain
Gray Matter
35
where sensory neurons in the spinal cord emerge
Dorsal Horn
36
where visceral neurons in the spinal cord emerge
Lateral Horn
37
where motor neurons in the spinal cord emerge
Ventral Horn
38
- myelinated nerve fibers & neuroglia
- found in exterior in the spinal cord (divided into anterior, lateral & posterior funiculi)
- found in interior of the brain
White Matter
39
- axons that connect components of the CNS together
| - may be primarily sensory or motor
Tracts
40
- connective tissue membranes on the outer glial membrane of the CNS
- continuous within spinal cord & brain
Meninges
41
- tough and dense fibrous outer membrane of meninges
Dura Mater
42
- filmy weblike membrane in the middle of meninges
| - most vascularized meninx
Arachnoid
43
- inner membrane adhering to the glial membrane of the cord or brain
- attached to the arachnoid by a network of fibrous strands traversing a subarachnoid space filled with CSF
Pia Mater
44
- inner region composed of developing neural tube w/ actively mitotic cells forming neuroblasts and glioblasts
- eventually disappears
Ventricular zone / Germinal layer
45
- middle region of developing neural tube composed of cells proliferated from the germinal layer
- becomes gray matter
Intermediate zone / Mantle layer
46
- outer region of developing neural tube practically devoid of nuclei
- becomes white matter
Marginal zone
47
- groove along the lining of the central canal
| - divides the intermediate zone into two plates
Sulcus Limitans
48
- dorsal to the sulcus limitans → dorsal horn (gray matter)
| - gives rise to sensory neurons
Alar Plate
49
- ventral to the sulcus limitans → ventral horn (gray matter)
- gives rise to motor neurons
Basal Plate
50
union of spinal nerves that emerge from the dorsal/ventral horns & eventually unite
Spinal Roots
51
mostly or wholly sensory spinal roots
Dorsal Roots
52
purely motor spinal roots
Ventral Roots
53
bundle of cell bodies just proximal to emergence of the dorsal root
Dorsal Root Ganglia
54
supplies epaxial muscles & skin of the back
Dorsal Ramus
55
supplies hypaxial muscles & skin to the midventral raphe
Ventral Ramus
56
union of ventral rami
Spinal Nerve Plexuses
57
- composed of a gray and a white ramus
| - connect the spinal nerves with the sympathetic ganglia in the trunk (thoracic & lumbar regions)
Ramus Communicans
58
spinal cord receives sensory signals and directly connects the sensory neuron to the effector motor neuron, so the brain does not need to process the signal for a response to occur
Spinal Reflexes
59
future Forebrain
Prosencephalon
60
develop into the Telencephalon
Telencephalic vesicles
61
develop into the Diencephalon
Optic vesicles
62
future Midbrain
Mesencephalon
63
- future Hindbrain
| - composed of Myelencephalon & Metencephalon
Rhombencephalon
64
- fluid-filled cavities through which CSF flows
| - continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
Ventricles
65
modified ependymal cells that produce the CSF
Choroid Plexus
66
one-way valve that allows the flow of CSF from the subarachnoid space into the dural venous sinuses (blood) but prevents the backward flow of CSF if the fluid pressure is reversed
Arachnoid Villi
67
Medulla Oblongata (location)
in Myelencephalon
68
1) Houses primary nuclei of cranial nerves
2) Major route of ascending and descending pathways to and from higher centers of the brain
3) Contains centers for visceral, auditory, and proprioceptive reflexes (e.g. respiration, heartbeat, and intestinal motility)
Medulla Oblongata
69
Vagal lobes (location)
in Myelencephalon
70
- termination of incoming sensory fibers for taste
| - in fishes: large swelling of the nucleus solitarus in the alar plate w/ taste buds over entire surface
Vagal lobes
71
Pyramidal Tracts (location)
in Myelencephalon
72
- corticospinal tracts that carry voluntary motor impulses from cerebral cortex to spinal cord
- in mammals: ventral ridges on myelencephalon
Pyramidal Tracts
73
cavity of hindbrain
Fourth Ventricle
74
Cerebellum (location)
in Metencephalon
75
- primary component of the roof of the hindbrain
1) Coordinates response of skeletal muscles to positional input from:
- membranous labyrinth
- lateral-line canals
- proprioceptors
- motor centers in the brainstem and forebrain
2) ↑Size = ↑complexity of muscular activity
Cerebellum
76
Pons (location)
in Metencephalon
77
- enlargement of the amniote hindbrain floor
1) Formed by nuclei that convey info from cerebrum to the cerebellum
2) Contains a ventral decussation among mammals with large cerebellums
Pons
78
Tectum (location)
in Mesencephalon
79
roof of the mesencephalon
Tectum
80
- in Tectum
| - reflex and relay centers receiving impulses from the retina
Optic Lobes / Superior Colliculi
81
- in Tectum
- caudal to the optic lobes
- reflex and relay centers receiving impulses from the inner ear and other sources
Auditory Lobes / Inferior Colliculi
82
optic + auditory lobes
Corpora quadrigemina
83
Tegmentum (location)
in Mesencephalon
84
- floor of the mesencephalon
| - thickened by nuclei and aggregates of tracts connecting higher levels of the brain with the midbrain
Tegmentum
85
- in Tegmentum
| - large mass of gray matter that participates in control of striated muscles
Red Nucleus
86
- in Tegmentum
| - tracts that connect the cerebral cortex with the red nucleus
Cerebral peduncles
87
Cerebral aqueduct / aqueduct of Sylvius (location)
in Mesencephalon
88
canal that constricts the midbrain ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct / aqueduct of Sylvius
89
Epithalamus (location)
in Diencephalon
90
- dorsalmost component of Diencephalon
| - roof of the third ventricle
Epithalamus
91
- in Epithalamus
- in lampreys: photoreceptors
- in gnathostomes: endocrine organ that responds to light
Pineal organ / Epiphysis
92
- in Epithalamus
- in Sphenodon: photosensitive organ
- in lizards: parietal eye
Parapineal Organ
93
- in Epithalamus
- elevations of a pair of underlying nuclei for olfaction
- carry impulses from olfactory nuclei, hypothalamus, forebrain nuclei to thalamus & forebrain
Habenulae
94
Thalamus (location)
in Diencephalon
95
- largest structure of the diencephalon
- walls of the third ventricle
- paired mass of multiple nuclei bulging dorsally behind the cerebral hemispheres
- where all ascending sensory pathways to the telencephalon synapse in before continuing to the telencephalon
Thalamus
96
- in Thalamus
| - oval bridge of gray matter formed from large bulges of the left and right thalami into the third ventricle
Massa intermedia
97
Hypothalamus (location)
in Diencephalon
98
- floor and ventrolateral walls of the third ventricle
1) Homeostasis
- major reflex control over the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system
- contains receptors for monitoring the sodium chloride and glucose content in blood
- regulates appetite and internal temperature
2) Emotional Response
- via connections with basal ganglia (limbic system)
3) Connection to Cerebellum
- via inferior lobes
Hypothalamus
99
Pituitary / Hypophysis (location)
in Diencephalon
100
- bilobed endocrine gland: posterior neurohypophysis and anterior adenohypophysis
- connected to the hypothalamus via an infundibular stalk
Pituitary / Hypophysis
101
Optic chiasma (location)
in Diencephalon
102
ventral, cephalic boundary of the diencephalon where optic nerves reach the brain
Optic chiasma
103
Third ventricle (location)
in Diencephalon
104
- cavity of the diencephalon
| - continuous with the cerebral aqueduct and the lateral ventricles of the cerebrum via the interventricular foramen
Third ventricle
105
Circle of Willis (location)
in Diencephalon
106
blood vessels supplying blood to the brain
Circle of Willis
107
Paraphysis (location)
in Telencephalon
108
- evagination of embryonic neurocoel that forms a wrinkled thin-walled sac between the diencephalon and the telencephalon
- only in amniotes except Sphenodon
Paraphysis
109
Olfactory Bulbs (location)
in Telencephalon
110
- extend forward from the hemispheres in contact w/ ethmoid cartilages/bones
1) Receive axon-like processes from olfactory cells in the epithelium
2) Transmit olfactory information to the cerebrum via olfactory tracts
Olfactory Bulbs
111
Lateral Ventricles (location)
in Telencephalon
112
- ventricles of the telencephalon, one in each hemisphere
| - continuous with 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen
Lateral Ventricles
113
- a perpendicular wall in mammals that separates the two interventricular foramina during embryonic development
Lamina terminalis
114
Cerebral Hemispheres (location)
in Telencephalon
115
folded to accommodate increased volume
Cerebral Hemispheres
116
rounded folds in the cerebral hemispheres
Gyri
117
grooves in the cerebral hemispheres that separate the gyri
Sulci
118
deep sulcus in the cerebral hemispheres
Fissure
119
interconnections of the left and right hemispheres, the most prominent of which is the corpus callosum
Commissures
120
dorsal region of the cerebrum
Pallium
121
receives small primary olfactory input and substantial auditory, lateral line, somatosensory, and visual inputs
Medial pallium
122
receive ascending input such as visual and auditory information from the thalamus
Dorsal & lateral pallium
123
ventral region of the cerebrum
Subpallium
124
- latero-ventral region of subpallium that are part of the basal ganglia, an assortment of nuclear groups at the base of the cerebral hemisphere
- controls sequence of actions in complex movements
Striatum
125
medial region of the subpallium that is an important part of the limbic system
Septum
126
have an inverted telencephalon
Ray-finned fish
127
- derived from the lateral wall of the pallium, increasing the size of the cerebrum
- receives visual, auditory, and somatic sensory stimuli and transmits information to the striatum and the rest of the pallium
- found in non-avian reptiles
Dorsal Ventricular Ridge (DVR)
128
- dorsal part of the DVR enlarged, giving rise to a larger forebrain
- found in birds
Wulst
129
- formed from enlargement of the dorsal pallium
1) center of somatic sensory processing (environmental awareness)
2) voluntary motor cortex that initiates voluntary motor activity
3) collates sensory info & stores as memory
Neocortex / cerebral cortex
130
4 lobes of the cerebral cortex/neocortex
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
131
massive band of white matter, connecting the neocortex with the brainstem
Internal Capsule
