Nervous System Pt. II

Question 1

It provides a two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain.

Answer 1

Spinal cord

Question 2

The spinal cord extends from the ___ to the ___.

Answer 2

Foramen magnum; first or second lumbar vertebra

Question 3

It is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end.

Answer 3

Cauda equina

Question 4

What part of the spinal cord houses interneurons?

Answer 4

Dorsal horns

Question 5

They receive information from the sensory neurons in the dorsal root.

Answer 5

Dorsal horns

Question 6

They house motor neurons of the somatic nervous system.

Answer 6

Ventral horns

Question 7

They send information out the ventral root.

Answer 7

Ventral horns

Question 8

What covers the spinal cord?

Answer 8

Meninges

Question 9

Where do spinal nerves leave?

Answer 9

At the level of each vertebra

Question 10

What root of the spinal cord contains axons?

Answer 10

Ventral root

Question 11

It is associated with the dorsal root ganglia.

Answer 11

Dorsal root

Question 12

In a nerve, what surrounds each individual fiber?

Answer 12

Endoneurium

Question 13

Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by what?

Answer 13

Perineurium

Question 14

Fascicles are bound together by what?

Answer 14

Epineurium

Question 15

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Answer 15

12 pairs

Question 16

What is the only pair to extend into the thoracic & abdominal cavities?

Answer 16

Vagus

Question 17

What are the classifications of nerves in the PNS?

Answer 17

Sensory, Motor, Mixed (both motor and sensory)

Question 18

Which of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves are sensory?

Answer 18

Olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear

Question 19

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Answer 19

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

Question 20

Which of the 12 cranial nerves are motor only?

Answer 20

Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal

Question 21

Which of the cranial nerves are both motor and sensory?

Answer 21

Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

Question 22

True or False: There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebra.

Answer 22

TRUE. It totals 31 pairs.

Question 23

What forms the spinal nerves?

Answer 23

Combination of ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord

Question 24

How are spinal nerves named?

Answer 24

The region from which they arise

Question 25

It is a branch of a spinal nerve.

Answer 25

Ramus

Question 26

A ramus contains what type of nerve fibers?

Answer 26

Both motor and sensory

Question 27

What are the two types of rami?

Answer 27

Dorsal rami and ventral rami

Question 28

These rami serve the skin & muscles of the posterior trunk.

Answer 28

Dorsal rami

Question 29

These rami form a complex of networks for the anterior.

Answer 29

Ventral rami

Question 30

Networks of nerves serving motor and sensory needs of the limbs.

Answer 30

Plexus

Question 31

Plexuses form from the ventral rami of spinal nerves from what regions?

Answer 31

Cervical, lumbar, and sacral regions

Question 32

What are the four plexuses?

Answer 32

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

Question 33

The autonomic nervous system is also known as ___.

Answer 33

Involuntary nervous system

Question 34

It regulates the activities of cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.

Answer 34

Autonomic nervous system

Question 35

What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 35

Sympathetic and autonomic nervous system

Question 36

What are the nerves in the somatic nervous system?

Answer 36

One-neuron system; originates in the CNS & axons extend to skeletal muscles

Question 37

What is the effector organ of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 37

Skeletal system

Question 38

What are the subdivisions of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 38

There are no subdivisions.

Question 39

What is the neurotransmitter of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 39

Acetylcholine

Question 40

The autonomic nervous system has a two-neuron system consisting of what neurons?

Answer 40

Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

Question 41

What are the effector organs of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 41

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

Question 42

What are the neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 42

Acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 43

Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate from what regions?

Answer 43

Craniosacral regions

Question 44

What comprises the craniosacral regions?

Answer 44

Cranial nerves III, VIII, IX, and X S2-S4 regions of spinal cord

Question 45

What is the site of preganglionic neuron origination?

Answer 45

Parasympathetic division

Question 46

The parasympathetic division is also known as ___.

Answer 46

Craniosacral division

Question 47

What are the effector organs of the parasympathetic division?

Answer 47

Terminal ganglia

Question 48

What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division?

Answer 48

Acetylcholine

Question 49

Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate from what regions?

Answer 49

T1-L2

Question 50

In the sympathetic division, where are the ganglia located?

Answer 50

Sympathetic trunk

Question 51

True or False: Long preganglionic neurons and short postganglionic neurons transmit impulse from CNS to the effector.

Answer 51

FALSE. Short preganglionic neurons; long postganglionic neurons

Question 52

What are the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 52

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 53

It is known as the "fight or flight" division.

Answer 53

Sympathetic division

Question 54

It responds to unusual stimulus

Answer 54

Sympathetic division

Question 55

The sympathetic division is known as the E division, what does it include?

Answer 55

Exercise Excitement Emergency Embarrassment

Question 56

This division is responsible for housekeeping activities.

Answer 56

Parasympathetic division

Question 57

This division conserves energy and maintains daily necessary body functions.

Answer 57

Parasympathetic division

Question 58

The parasympathetic division is known as the D division, what does it include?

Answer 58

Digestion Defecation Diuresis

Question 59

When is the nervous system formed?

Answer 59

First month of embryonic development.

Question 60

What does oxygen deprivation do to brain cells?

Answer 60

Destroys them

Question 61

What is one of the last areas of the brain to develop?

Answer 61

Hypothalamus

Question 62

What are some examples of congenital brain diseases?

Answer 62

Cerebral palsy Anencephaly Hydrocephalus Spina bifida

Question 63

Why do premature babies have trouble regulating body temperature?

Answer 63

Because the hypothalamus (in charge of regulating body temperature) is one of the last brain areas to mature.

Question 64

What is indicated by the development of motor control?

Answer 64

Progressive myelination and maturation of child's nervous system.

Question 65

When does brain growth end?

Answer 65

Young adulthood

Question 66

True or False: Neurons die throughout life and are not replaced.

Answer 66

TRUE. Thus, brain mass declines with age.

Question 67

True or False: Neurons are amitotic.

Answer 67

TRUE. Neurons do not undergo cell division/mitosis.

Question 68

True or False: Healthy aged people maintain nearly optimal intellectual function.

Answer 68

TRUE.

Question 69

What is the major cause of declining mental function with age?

Answer 69

Disease, particularly cardiovascular disease

Question 70

What are the characteristics of a reflex?

Answer 70

Rapid, predictable, involuntary response to a stimulus

Question 71

Where do reflexes occur?

Answer 71

Neural pathways called reflex arcs

Question 72

What are the two types of reflexes?

Answer 72

Somatic and autonomic reflexes

Question 73

They are reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles.

Answer 73

Somatic reflexes

Question 74

These reflexes regulate the activity of smooth muscles, heart and blood pressure, glands, and digestive system.

Answer 74

Autonomic reflexes

Question 75

Pulling your hand away from a hot object is an example of what reflex?

Answer 75

Somatic reflexes

Question 76

What are the five elements of a reflex?

Answer 76

Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Integration center (CNS) Motor neuron Effector organ

Question 77

In a reflex, it reacts to a stimulus.

Answer 77

Sensory receptor

Question 78

In a reflex, it carries messages to the integration center.

Answer 78

Sensory neuron

Question 79

In a reflex, it processes information and directs motor output.

Answer 79

Integration center

Question 80

In a reflex, it carries messages to an effector.

Answer 80

Motor neuron

Question 81

In a reflex, it is the muscle or gland to be stimulated.

Answer 81

Effector organ

Question 82

What are the two types of reflex arcs?

Answer 82

Two-neuron reflex arc and three-neuron reflex arc

Question 83

It is the simplest type of reflex arc.

Answer 83

Two-neuron reflex arc

Question 84

This reflex arc consists of five elements.

Answer 84

Three-neuron reflex arc

Question 85

The patellar (knee-jerk) reflex is an example of what reflex arc?

Answer 85

Two-neuron reflex arc

Question 86

The flexor (withdrawal) reflex is an example of what reflex arc?

Answer 86

Three-neuron reflex arc

Question 87

What are the two functional properties of neurons?

Answer 87

Irritability and conductivity

Question 88

It is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse.

Answer 88

Irritability

Question 89

It is the ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

Answer 89

Conductivity

Question 90

This muscle rolls the eye laterally.

Answer 90

Lateral rectus muscle