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Anatomy > Nervous System Test 1/23/14 > Flashcards

Nervous System Test 1/23/14 Flashcards

1
Q

list 3 major functions of the nervous system

A

-to gather info -to process & interpret sensory input & decide if action is needed -to cause immediate responses

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2
Q

what is the nervous system subdivision that’s composed of the brain & spinal cord?

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities; activation of the skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system (voluntary)

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4
Q

nervous system subdivision that’s composed of the cranial/ spinal nerves, & ganglia

A

peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart & smooth muscle & of glands; involuntary nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

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6
Q

a major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets info & gives orders

A

central nervous sytem

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7
Q

a major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as the communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS

A

peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

Describe 3 parts of the functional pathway

A

-Sensory input: monitors changes occurring in/outside of body -Integration: to interpret sensory input & decide if action is needed -Motor output: to activate muscles/ glands (to respond to the stimuli)

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9
Q

organs of the CNS

A

brain & spinal cord

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10
Q

Carries impulses to & from spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

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11
Q

Carries impulses to & from brain

A

Cranial nervies

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12
Q

serves as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain & spinal cord & glands or muscles

A

PNS

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13
Q

nerves extending from the brain & spinal cord

A

PNS

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14
Q

CNS or PNS?: interprets incoming sensory info, & issues outgoing instructions

A

CNS

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15
Q

Sensory division, a.k.a…

A

afferent division

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16
Q

motor division, a.k.a…

A

efferent division

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17
Q

nerve fibers that carry info to the CNS

A

sensory division

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18
Q

nerve fibers that carry info away from the CNS

A

motor division

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19
Q

the 2 subdivisions of motor division

A

somatic & autonomic nervous systems

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20
Q

2 major subdivisions of PNS

A

sensory & motor divisions

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21
Q

consciously controls skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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22
Q

somatic or autonomic? Involuntary

A

autonomic

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23
Q

somatic or autonomic? Voluntary

A

somatic

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24
Q

further divided into sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems

A

autonomic nervous system

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25
cell bodies of neurons
ganglia
26
nervous tissue is made up of 2 types of cells called:
supporting cells & neurons
27
support cells in the CNS are grouped together as "\_\_\_"
neuroglia
28
general functions of support cells or neuroglia
support, insulate, & protect neurons
29
abundant, star-shaped cells
astrocytes
30
brace (support) neurons
astrocytes
31
form barrier bw capillaries & neurons
astrocytes
32
control the chemical environment of the brain
astrocytes
33
spider-like phagocytes
microglia
34
dispose of debris \> "cell-eaters"
microglia
35
line cavities of the brain & spinal cord
ependymal cells
36
cilia assist with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cells
37
wrap around nerve fibers in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
38
produce myelin sheaths, fatty insulating coverings
oligodendrocytes
39
2 types of support cells in PNS
satellite & schwann cells
40
protect neuron cell bodies (ganglia)
satellite cells
41
form myelin sheath in the PNS
schwann cells
42
Support Cells v. Neurons: both have extensions coming from a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
larger body cell portion
43
support cells, neurons, both, or neither can transmit impulses?
Support Cells cannot transmit impulses, Neurons can
44
Support Cells V. Neurons: ___ never lose ability to divide, unlike \_\_\_
Support Cells never lose the ability to divide, unlike Neurons
45
Support Cells v. Neurons: Most brain tumors usually consist of \_\_\_
supporting cells
46
nerve cells, a.k.a...
neurons
47
cells specialized to transmit messages
neurons
48
\_\_\_-nucleus & metabolic center of the cell
cell body
49
\_\_\_- fibers that extend from the cell body
processes
50
specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum
nissl bodies
51
intermediate cytoskeleton, maintains cell shape
neurofibrils
52
conduct impulses TOWARD the cell body
dendrites
53
conduct impulses AWAY from the cell body
axons
54
neurons may have hundreds of \_\_\_, but only 1 \_\_\_
neurons may have hundreds of DENDRITES, but only 1 AXON
55
an axon arises from the cone-like region of the cell body, called the...
axon hillock
56
\_\_\_ contains vesicles w/ neurotransmitters
axon terminals
57
\_\_\_- gap between adjacent neurons \_\_\_- junction bw nerves
synaptic cleft- gap between adjacent neurons synapse- junction bw nerves
58
whitish, fatty material covering axons
myelin sheath
59
protects & insulates nerve fibers & increases speed of nerve impulse transmission
myelin sheath
60
produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll-like fashion around axons (PNS)
schwann cells
61
gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
Nodes of Ranvier
62
produce myelin sheaths around axons of the CNS
oligodendrocytes
63
most neuron cell bodies are found where?
CNS
64
cell bodies & unmyelinated (no insulating cells) fibers
gray matter
65
clusters of cell bodies within the white matter (with myelinated fibers) of the CNS
nuclei
66
collections of cell bodies outside the CNS
ganglia
67
bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS
tracts
68
bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS
nerves
69
collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)
white matter
70
collections of mostly unmyelinated fibers & cell bodies
gray matter
71
carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS
sensory neurons
72
detect pain and touch
cutaneous sense receptors
73
detect stretch or tension in skel muscles, tendons, & joints
proprioceptors
74
carry impulses away from the CNS to internal organs, muscles, glands
motor neurons
75
found in neural pathways in the CNS
interneurons (association neurons)
76
connect sensory & motor neurons
interneurons (association neurons)
77
all motor & interneurons are \_\_\_
multipolar (most common structure)
78
Many extensions from the cell body.
multipolar neurons
79
located in special sense organs (nose & eyes). Rare in adults.
bipolar neurons
80
have a short single process leaving the cell body// sensory neurons found in PNS ganglia
unipolar neurons
81
ability to respond to stimuli
irritability
82
ability to transmit an impulse
conductivity
83
resting neuron: the plasma membrane at rest is \_\_\_
Polarized. fewer + ions are inside the cell than outside the cell
84
A stimulus depolarizes the neuron's membrane.
depolarization
85
Membrane is now permeable to sodium as sodium channels open
depolarization
86
a ________ allows sodium to flow inside the membrane
a depolarized membrane
87
the movement of ions irritates a(n) ____ in the neuron due to a stimulus
action potential
88
a ___________ (localized depolarization) exists where the inside of the membrane is more positive & the outside is less positive
a graded potential
89
if enough sodium enters the cell, the action potential (nerve impulse) starts & is ___ over the entire axon
propagated
90
impulses travel faster when fibers have a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
myelin sheath
91
potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which ___ the membrane
repolarizes
92
repolarization involves restoring the inside of the membrane to a ___ charge, and the outside to a ___ charge
inside= negative outside= positive
93
Repolarization: Initial ionic conditions are restored using the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
sodium-potassium pump. This pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration
94
repolarization: 3 ___ ions are ejected from the cell while 2 ___ ions are returned to the cell
3 sodium 2 potassium
95
when the action potential reaches the axon terminal, the electrical charge opens ____ channels
calcium channels
96
calcium, in turn, causes the tiny vesicles containing the neurotransmitter chemical to fuse with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
axonal membrane
97
the entry of calcium into the axon terminal causes openings to form, releasing the \_\_\_\_
transmitter
98
the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synapse & bind to ___ on the membranes of the next neuron
receptors
99
eventually a(n) __________ (nerve impulse) will occur in the neuron beyond the synapse
action potential
100
the electrical changes prompted by neurotransmitter binding are \_\_\_\_
brief
101
at the end of Transmission of a signal at synapses, the neurotransmitter is quickly _____ from the synapse
removed
102
the pathway that information will flow
the reflex arc
103
\_\_\_\_- rapid, predictable, & involuntary response to a stimulus. Occurs over pathways called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- Reflex - Reflex Arcs
104
direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector
reflex arc
105
2 types of reflex arcs: somatic- reflexes that stimulate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ autonomic- regulate the activity of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the heart, & glands
somatic- skeletal muscles autonomic- smooth muscles
106
pulling hand away from hot object: example of which reflex arc?
somatic
107
regulation of smooth muscles, heart & bp, glands, digestive system: example of which reflex arc?
autonomic
108
what are the 5 elements of a reflex?
sensory receptor- sensory neuron- integration center- motor neuron- effector organ-
109
reacts to a stimulus
sensory receptor
110
carries message to the integration center
sensory neuron
111
(CNS) processes information & directs motor output
integration center
112
carries message to an effector
motor neuron
113
is the muscle/gland to be stimulated
effector organ
114
simplest type of reflex arc & example
two-neuron reflex arc Ex: Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex
115
- consists of 5 elements: receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, & effector. - Also give example.
- three-neuron reflex arc - Ex: Flexor (withdrawal) reflex
116

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