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UWORLD > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What part of N. Meningitidis is in the vaccine?

A

Capsular polysaccharide

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2
Q

Describe the macroscopic findings in craniopharyngioma

A

Cysts that are derived from Rathke’s pouch and are filled with brownish-yellow, viscous fluid with cholesterol crystals

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3
Q

Describe the symptoms of serotonin syndrome

A

neuromuscular excitation, autonomic stimulation, altered mental status

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4
Q

From which amino acid is serotonin derived?

A

Tryptophan. Via tryptophan hydroxylase and amino acid decarboxylase

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5
Q

Name the amino acid precursors for GABA, histamine, cysteine, and thyroxine/DA/Epi/NE

A

Glutamic acid, histidine, methionine, Tyrosine

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6
Q

What is the treatment for serotonin syndrome?

A

supportive and cyproheptadine (histamine with nonspecific 5-HT1 and %-HT2 receptor antagonist properties)

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves are affected by Cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

CNs III,IV,V,VI

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8
Q

What is the classic triad of congenital toxoplasmosis?

A

Hydrocephalus
Intracranial calcifications
chorioretinitis
Can also have: hepatosplenomegaly, rash, seizures, altered mucle tone, and ocular movement defects

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9
Q

What is the most common complication that can occur after subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

secondary arterial vasospasm (50%), leading to cerebral ischemia and new-onset confusion and/or focal neurological deficit 4-12 days after initial insult

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10
Q

What are the central adverse effects of L-Dopa? Peripheral?

A

Central: anxiety and agitation
Peripheral: N/V, Tachyarrhythmias, Postural hypotension, hotflashes

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11
Q

What reduces the peripheral adverse effect of L Dopa?

A

Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (Carbidopa)

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A

Antibodies cross-react with myelin and there is endoneurial inflammatory infiltrate

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13
Q

What is the action of pralidoxime?

A

Used for organophosphate poisoning, it regenerates AChE in the neuromuscular junction and affects both nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of meningitis in adults of all ages? Discuss gram stain of said bacteria.

A

Strep Pneumo (lancet shaped gram + cocci in pairs)

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15
Q

What is the gram stain for Listeria?

A

motile gram + rods

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16
Q

What is the gram stain for H. Flu

A

non-motile gram - coccobacilli

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17
Q

Name two genetic disorders associated with Berry Aneurysm

A

Ehlers-Danlos, ADPKD

18
Q

What part of the brain is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?

A

CN III/IV, thalamus, medial temporal lobe, splenium of corpus collosum, parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and occipital lobe

19
Q

What type of necrosis does the CNS undergo after infarct?

A

liquefactive necrosis. Most other tissues undergo coagulative necrosis after ischemic injury

20
Q

What nerves and what is the division between the nerves that innervate the tongue?

A

Foramen cecum separates anterior 2/3rds from posterior 2/3rds
General sensory: Ant- mandibular branch of CN V, Post- CN IX
Taste: Ant- chorda tympani of CN VII, Post- CN IX

21
Q

Usually postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepi and epi on the target organ. What are the two exceptions?

A

Adrenal Medulla- releases norepi and epi directly into the blood stream
Eccrine sweat glands: postganglionic neurons are also cholinergic

22
Q

Which anesthetics cause acute hepatitis?

A

Halogenated inhaled anesthetics
Halothane
The fluranes to a lesser degree

23
Q

Which pathogen is most commonly associated with viral meningitis?

A

Enterovirus (cocksackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus) then arboviruses, then HSV2

24
Q

Name the characteristic features of Friedrich Ataxia

A 
progressive gait ataxia
impaired joint and vibration sense
spastic muscle weakness and babinski
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (most common cause of death)
DM
skeletal abnormalities
25
Q

What is the most common cause of spontaneous lobar hemorrhage in adults over age 60?

A

Amyloid angiopathy. Recurrent hemorrhage that involves the occipital and parietal lobes.

26
Q

Where is ACh made?

A

Basal Nucleus of Meynert

27
Q

Tumor in a child with sheets of primitive cells and many mitotic figures

A

Medulloblastoma- located near cerebellum

28
Q

Signs of PKU

A

ID, gait abnormality, must odor, eczema

29
Q

What are the signs of hypocalcemia in DiGeorge syndrome?

A

Chvostek sign: twitching of the nose and lips

Trousseau sign: carpal spasm with blood pressure cuff inflation

30
Q

What causes decerebrate (extensor) posturing?

A

Damage to the brainstem at or below the red nucleus (midbrain, pons, medulla)

31
Q

What causes decorticate (flexor) posturing?

A

damage to neural structures above the red nucleus

32
Q

What is the treatment for restless leg syndrome?

A

Dopamine agonists

33
Q

What does the facial nerve control?

A
  1. motor- muscles of facial expression
  2. parasympathetic- lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands
  3. Taste- anterior 2/3rds of tongue
  4. Somatic afferents from pinna and external auditory canal
34
Q

What are the treatments for Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors (donepizil), Antioxidants (vitamin E), NMDA receptor antagonists (memantine)

35
Q

What symptoms are associated with opioid overdose?

A

Miosis, bradycardia, hypotension, and somnolence

36
Q

What does the pudendal nerve innervate?

A

Skin around the anus and perineum
pelvic floor muscles
urethral and anal sphicters

37
Q

What is DRESS syndrome and with which drugs is it associated?

A

Drug Reaction with eosinophils and systemic symptoms presents with rash, fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, and facial edema.
Common with Phenytoin, carbamazepine, allopurinol, sulfonamides, and antibiotics (minocycline, vanc)

38
Q

What are some systemic causes of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A 
Pregnancy (fluid accumulation)
Hypothyroid (glycosaminoglycan buildup)
DM (connective tissue thickening)
Dialysis (Beta2 microglobulin deposition)
RA (tendon inflammation)
39
Q

What change are seen in the neuron during the axonal reaction?

A

It becomes swollen and rounded with the nucleus displaced to the periphery. The Nissl substance becomes fine, granular and is dispersed throughout the cytoplasm (24-48 hrs after injury)

40
Q

What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome and what is the treatment?

A

Adverse reaction to antipsychotic with muscle rigidity, high fever, and autonomic instability
Rhabdo causes high CK, may lead to myoglobinuria and acute renal failure
Treatment: removal of drug, supportive care, dantrolene

41
Q

What are the symptoms and histological features of HIV associated dementia?

A

Usually in CD4 count less than 200. Presents with subcortical dementia.
HIV infected monocytes cross the BBB and form perivascular macrophages. These macrophages for microglial nodules around necrotic tissue and may fuse to form multinucleated giant cells.

UWORLD (9 decks)

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