Neuro Flashcards
(26 cards)
1
Q
2 brain regions involved in mental status
A
- thalamocortex
- reticular activation system
2
Q
2 places for CSF collection
A
- Lumbosacral space
- atlanto-occipital space
3
Q
Lumbosacral space CSF collection landmarks
A
Btw cr. aspect of tubersacrale andcd aspect of tuber coxae
4
Q
Landmarks for atlanto-occipital space CSF collection
A
- flex nexk
- 5cm cr to cr borders of wings of atlas
5
Q
What is eval in CSF
A
- protein level
- nucleated cell count
- Equine protozoal myeloencephalopathy
6
Q
Cerebellar signs
A
- truncal ataxia
- hypermetria
- nystagmus
7
Q
Steps in gait analysis
A
- walking straight normally
- walk with head elev
- tight and wide turns
- backing up
- tail pull
- +/- obstacle course
8
Q
Trauma
- common places
- leads to
- tx
A
- poll injury, calvarium
- hemorrhage into midbrain, brainstem, and/or gutteral pouches
- stabilize, NSAID/corticosteroid, control seizures
9
Q
Gutteral pouch dz
- cause
A
- infection (fungal, bac)
10
Q
Temporohyoid osteopathy
- what
- cause
- dx
- tx
A
- fusion of stylohoid to petrous-temporal bone (guttural pouch dz)
- unknown cause, degenerative
- endoscopy, imaging
- ceratohyoidectomy
11
Q
EEE/WEE/VEE dx options
A
- HI
- fluorescent antibody
- complement
- ELISA
- PCR
12
Q
Eastern equine encephalitis
- hosts
- pathogenesis
- 3 major outcomes
- dx
- PM
- esp targets which brain areas
A
- birds, mosq -> horses incidental
- replicate in LN –> hema spread
- subclinical, generalized febrile illness, encephalomyelitis (has 2nd fever)
- BW, CSF (inc protein, incr cells), serology, IgM, PM
- necrotizing encephalitis, neuron necrosis, perivascular cuffing, grey > white affected
- ## targets cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus
13
Q
Eastern equine encephalitis
- hosts
- pathogenesis
- 3 major outcomes
- dx
- PM
- esp targets which brain areas
- tx
- control
A
- birds, mosq -> horses incidental
- replicate in LN –> hema spread
- subclinical, generalized febrile illness, encephalomyelitis (has 2nd fever)
- BW, CSF (inc protein, incr cells), serology, IgM, PM
- necrotizing encephalitis, neuron necrosis, perivascular cuffing, grey > white affected
- targets cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus
- support, diuretics, corticosteroid
- vx, decr mosq
14
Q
WEE/EEE/VEE pathogen
A
alphavirus
15
Q
WEE where
A
- east of missisippi
16
Q
West Nile
- virus type
- hosts
- season
- signs
- dx
- prognosis
- prev
A
- flavivirus
- birds, mosq –> horses head end
- july-oct
- from encephalitis: acute onset, rapid progression: brain and spinal cord signs, m. twitches, fever, inappetance
- IgM/ELIDA, CSF
- fair
- vx, mosq
17
Q
Rabies
- virus type
- signs
- 3 forms
- dx
- PM
- prev
A
- lyssavirus
- acute, severe, and rapidly progressing: autonomic instability, dysphagia, paresis, hydrophobia, lameness, ataxia, CNS signs
- dumb, furious, paralytic –> death in ~1wk after signs appear
- Fluro Ig, IFA, histo
- PM: non-supp meningoencephalomyelitis, Negri bodies
- vx
18
Q
Equine herpes virus 1
- spread
- latency location
- susceptible pop
- signs
- neuro target and signs
- dx
- tx
- prev
A
- nasal, ocular resp, repro
- trigeminal n., lymph
- adult females
- fever, cough, anorexia, edema, conjunctivitis, colic, neuro
- spinal chord white matter: ataxia, paresis, hind>fore, urinary incontinence, tail paralysis, perineal sensation issue
- can go to cnetral: CNS, blindness, vestibular
- dx: PCR (nasal swab), serology (Ig), virus iso, CSF (normal, incr protein, xanthochromia)
- tx: anit-inflamm, fluids, nutrition, +/- antiviral
- vx
19
Q
Ataxia scale
A
0 = normal 1= subtle defect 2=mild all times 3 = mod 4 = severe 5 = recumbant
20
Q
Wobbler syndrome
- what
- cause
- predisposition
- progression
- signs
- dx
- xray see…
- tx
A
- cervical stenotic myelopathy
- malformation/articulation, instability, trauma, DJD
- M>F, fast growing, genetic, high protein/calorie diet
- insidious or acute, progressive, wax and wane, etc.
- stumbling, ataxia, spastic gait, paresis, hind>fore
- xray, myelogram, rule out infect
- canal stenosis, DJD, OCD, malformation, physeal flare, angulation
- rest, anti-inflamm, +/- joint injections if arthritis
21
Q
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
- agent
- host
- transmission
- where
- signs
- dx
- tx
- prognosis
A
- sarcocystis neurona
- opossum, skunk, raccoon
- fecal-oral
- CNS: neuronal cells, mononuclear, endothelial
- CNS signs, ataxia, m. loss
- CSF Ig, serology (Ig), IFA
- sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine, ponazuril/other-zurils, anti-inflamm, vit E
- guarded
22
Q
Equine denegerative myeloencehalopathy
- who
- pathogenesis
- signs
- tx
- prev
A
- young <1yo
- issue with vit e (deficiency, unable to use, etc.)
- spinal ataxia
- no good tx
- vit E supp
23
Q
Equine motor neuron dz
- what
- who
- cause
- signs
- dx
- tx
A
- neurodegen dz, esp of ventral horns and grey matter of spinal cord and brainstem
- adults
- vit E deficiency
- weakness, m. atrophy, trembling, sweating, recumbancy, retinal pigmentopathy, raised tail
- BW (incr CK and AST), CSF, electromyography, m. biopsy, n. biopsy
- vt E, support
24
Q
Polyneuritis equi (aka cauda equina syndrome)
- what happens
- cause
- where affected
- signs
- dx
- tx and prognosis
A
- progressive granulomatous polyradiculoneuritis from infiltration of macs and Tcells
- unknown: allergy, autoimmune, virus?
- cd equina, +/-CNS, +/- spinal cord
- progressive paralysi of tail, bladder, back end, +/- hind ataxia, +/- m. atrophy, +/- CN deficits
- CSF (inc mononuclear cells), abn EMG
- anti-inflamm, support
- grave
25
Epilepsy
- cause
- what
- dx
- tx
- idiopathy, heritable, congenital, 2nd to other dx
- abn synchronous electric discharge
- rule out primary dx
- diazepam, phenobarb, KBr
26
Narcolepsy/cataplexy
- what
- dx
- tx
- excessive sleepiness, +/- m. weakness
- EEG, physostigmine provocation, rule out other dz's
- transient improv with atropine
