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PRITE Neuroscience > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

60 y/o right-handed M, getting lost, only writes on right half of paper. Left-sided hemineglect. Where is the lesion? (8x)

A

RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE

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2
Q

66 y/o with HTN develops vertigo, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, hiccups, L face numbness,
nystagmus, hoarseness, ataxia of limbs, staggering gait, and tendency to fall to the left. What is the likely diagnosis?
(8x)

A

LATERAL MEDULLARY STROKE

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3
Q

78 y/o pt had an ischemic stroke that left him with a residual mild hemiplegia. Pt appeared
to be unaware that there was a problem of weakness on one side of this body. When asked
to raise the weak arm, the patient raised his normal arm. When the failure to raise the
paralyzed arm was pointed out to pt, he admitted that the arm was slightly weak. He also
neglects this side of the body when dressing and grooming. Pt did not shave one side of his
face, had difficulty putting a shirt on when it was turned inside out. Area of brain likely
affected by stroke? (4x)

A

RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE

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4
Q

26 y/o with headache and R-hand clumsiness for weeks. Exam shows difficulty w/rapid alternating
movements of hand, overt intention tremor on finger-to-nose, and mildly dysmetric finger
tamping. CNS intact and no papilledema. Where will damage show on MRI? (5x)

A

CEREBELLUM

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5
Q

Adult neurogenesis occurs in which area of the brain? (x2)

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

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6
Q

A previously pleasant mom becomes profane and irresponsible over a 6 month period. She most likely has pathology in which part of her brain? (2x)

A

FRONTAL LOBE

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7
Q

Rapid onset of right facial weakness, left limb weakness, diplopia mostly like indicates what? (2x)

A

BRAIN STEM INFARCTION

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8
Q

MRI scan of head reveals an infarct in distribution of left anterior cerebral artery. Pt most
likely exhibits what deficits? (2x)

A

WEAKNESS OF CONTRALATERAL FOOT AND

LEG

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9
Q

Neurogenesis in adult brain is restricted to what part of the hippocampal formation?

A

DENTATE GYRUS

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10
Q

In bipolar disorder, patients have decreased connectivity in what parts of the brain?

A

AMYGDALA AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX

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11
Q

What biogenic amine is made in the Locus Coeruleus

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

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12
Q

The CNS response to fear is mediated by what specific part of this brain structure?

A

CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA

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13
Q

What brain area is activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces?

A

AMYGDALA

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14
Q

Which CNS region containing dopaminergic neurons projects to the caudate and putamen?

A

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

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15
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for face recognition?

A

FUSIFORM GYRUS

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16
Q

Which area of brain remembers a number to make a phone call?

A

DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX

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17
Q

Which part of the cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli?

A

LATERAL ORBITOFRONTAL

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18
Q

The dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, striatum and ____ are part of a loop circuit that produces
worry and obsessive symptoms

A

THALAMUS

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19
Q

The blood brain barrier is made up of what kind of cells?

A

ENDOTHELIAL

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20
Q

Orexin is made in what part of the brain?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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21
Q

Dopamine neurons from which system are primarily implicated in tasks related to cognitive
processing?

A

MESOCORTICAL

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22
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbens and mediates addiction and
associated behaviors?

A

MESOLIMBIC

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23
Q

Development of brain grey-matter volume peaks at what stage?

A

LATE CHILDHOOD

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24
Q

In a patient with hippocampal damage, what brain structure still allows them to learn new skills like playing tennis?

A

BASAL GANGLIA

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25
Q

65 y/o pt has a stroke which causes him to fall. On exam, he is found to have weakness of the right leg, with only minor weakness of the right hand, no weakness of the face, and no sensory deficit. Speech is not affected, but pt seems unusually quiet and passive. The stroke most likely involves which artery?

A

LEFT ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY

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26
Q

Hemisensory loss followed by pain and hyperpathia involving all modalities and reaching the
midline of the trunk and head is most consistent with ischemia in the distribution of which of
the following arteries?

A

POSTERIOR CEREBRAL

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27
Q

Right-side palsy with equal involvement of the face, arm and leg combined with third nerve
palsy is most likely due to occlusion of a branch of which artery?

A

POSTERIOR CEREBRAL

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28
Q

Bilateral lower extremity weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to
result from occlusion of which arteries?

A

ANTERIOR CEREBRAL

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29
Q

Pure sensory deficit extending to midline and involving face, arm, trunk, and leg, caused by a
lacunar infarct where?

A

LATERAL THALAMUS

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30
Q

Blocking the R PCA (posterior cerebral artery) causes which visual disturbance?

A

LEFT HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPSIA

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31
Q

The clinical syndrome associated with occlusion of the cortical branch of the posterior cerebral artery would result in what visual and neurologic deficits?

A

HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA WITH ALEXIA

WITHOUT AGRAPHIA

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32
Q

28 y/o cocaine user complains of LBP, numbness in both legs and feet, thighs, buttocks,
abdomen, and says R leg is weak and clumsy, L leg is tired. Has urinary incontinence and
difficulty walking. Decreased light touch, pinprick, and temperature. Normal vibration and
proprioception. DTR is hard to elicit. Muscle tone is normal. Decreased strength in B/L LE but
worse on right. Diagnosis?

A

ANTERIOR SPINAL ARTERY INFARCTION

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33
Q

Loss of ability to execute previously learned motor activities (which is not the result of
demonstrable weakness, ataxia or sensory loss) is associated with lesions in what part of the brain?

A

LEFT PARIETAL CORTEX

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34
Q

Pt has normal Romberg w/ eyes open but loses balance with eyes closed. Where in the brain is the
abnormality?

A

CEREBELLAR VERMIS

35
Q

Motor speech paradigm activation task on fMRI
shows hyperactivity in the right temporal lobe.
Where in the brain is the damage?

A

CALCARINE FISSURE

36
Q

Aphasia w/ effortful fragmented, non-fluent, telegraphic speech, is seen in a lesion in what part of the brain?

A

POSTERIOR FRONTAL LOBE

37
Q

A pituitary tumor that protrudes through the diaphragmatic sella is most likely to cause?

A

BITEMPORAL HEMIANOPSIA

38
Q

Conduction aphasia often occurs as a result of damage to which structure?

A

ARCUATE FASCICULUS

39
Q

Unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, unsteadiness, falls, headaches, mild facial weakness and
ipsilateral limb ataxia is most commonly associated with tumors in what locations?

A

CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE

40
Q

20 y/o with 1-year history of bitemporal headaches, polydipsia, polyuria, and bulimia plus 2-month
h/o emotional outbursts, aggression, and transient confusion. Neuro exam normal. What will
MRI of brain show?

A

HYPOTHALAMIC TUMOR

41
Q

34 y/o M is referred for psychiatric evaluation 5 years after sustaining a head injury at work.
Prior to the accident, he was a stable, happily married man. Since the accident, he has been
described as overly talkative and restless. His wife divorced him because he was acting
irresponsibly, which also resulted in termination from his job. Psychometric testing reveals
that the man has average intelligence and no detectable memory deficits. Pt’s clinical
presentation is most consistent with damage to which to the following brain areas?

A

FRONTAL LOBE

42
Q

Pt reports headaches and peripheral visual loss. Visual field defects involving the temporal
fields of both eyes are detected. An MRI scan is likely to reveal?

A

A MASS IN THE SELLA TURCICA

43
Q

Unconsciousness can be induced by a small area of damage where in the brain?

A

RETICULAR FORMATION

44
Q

A patient has acute onset of hemiballismus of LUE & LLE. MRI is most likely to show lesion located where?

A

SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS

45
Q

Akinetic mutism can result from bilateral infarctions of which structure in the brain?

A

ANTERIOR CINGULATE GYRUS

46
Q

Lesions in which part of the brain cause bilateral coarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation and present with horizontal and vertical gaze?

A

BRAINSTEM

47
Q

32 y/o pt with 1-month hx of worsening headaches, episodic mood swings and occasional
hallucinations with visual, tactile and auditory content. CT head reveals tumor where:

A

TEMPORAL LOBE

48
Q

What roles does the cerebellum do in the human adult brain?

A

DIVERSE ROLES IN MOVEMENT, BEHAVIOR, AND

LEARNING

49
Q

Syndrome characterized by fluent speech, preserved comprehension, inability to repeat, without any other associated signs. Where is the brain lesion located?

A

SUPRAMARGINAL GYRUS OR INSULA

50
Q

Lesions in mammillary bodies will produce what symptoms?

A

AMNESIA, CONFABULATION, LACK OF INSIGHT

51
Q

62yo progressive personality changes, has dull emotions, lack of initiative, and apathy. An
autopsy is likely to show atrophy of what part of the brain?

A

FRONTAL LOBE

52
Q

Implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes is an effective tx for Parkinson’s. Optimal
location for electrodes?

A

SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS

53
Q

Deep brain stimulation in which brain structure is a useful treatment for primary generalized
dystonia?

A

GLOBUS PALLIDUS

54
Q

Mesolimbic DA pathway includes which structures?

A

VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA, VENTRAL STRIATUM, NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, OLFACTORY TUBERCLE

55
Q

In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens. Cell bodies of these
neurons reside in which area of the brain?

A

VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA

56
Q

Neural plasticity is largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and
morphology of what?

A

DENDRITIC SPINES

57
Q

The uncinated fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?

A

ANTERIOR, TEMPORAL, AND VENTRAL PREFRONTAL

REGIONS

58
Q

What are the cortical columns?

A

FUNCTIONAL UNITS FOR INFORMATION

PROCESSING

59
Q

Abnormal emotional expressions such as pathological laughter or crying are caused by lesions
affecting cortical subcortical circuits linking frontal cortex, pons and what other brain structure?

A

CEREBELLUM

60
Q

Exposure to light effects which brain structure?

A

SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS

61
Q

When does synaptogenesis peak?

A

FIRST 4 YEARS OF LIFE

62
Q

Why does the brain rapidly increase in size from birth to two years old?

A

SYNAPTOGENESIS OF NEURONS

63
Q

Where does the neuron morphology in the brain change the most?

A

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

64
Q

Threatening objects produce startle response prior to person becoming consciously aware because of the connection of thalamus to what other brain structure?

A

AMYGDALA

65
Q

Huntington’s disease is characterized by loss of neurons producing which neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

66
Q

17y/o is evaluated for binge eating associated with a 60 lb weight gain over the past four
months. CT shows a craniopharyngioma that likely disrupts what structure?

A

VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS

67
Q

What is an accurate statement about the brain’s default mode network?

A

IS INVOLVED IN REPROCESSING PREVIOUSLY

EXPERIENCED STIMULI

68
Q

The most likely reason that adults are superior to adolescents in abstract thinking is that the brain
undergoes:

A

SYNAPTIC PRUNING

69
Q

The dorsal-lateral-pre-frontal cortex plays an important role in what activity?

A

WORKING MEMORY

70
Q

Drug abuse activates these neuro circuits, generating signals in the ventral tegmental area to
where?

A

DOPAMINE INTO THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS

71
Q

Ninety-five percent of right-handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for
language. What percentage of left handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for
language?

A

75%

72
Q

What neural pathway is responsible for mediating reactive aggression?

A

AMYGDALA-HYPOTHALAMUS-PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY

73
Q

What area of frontal cortex is activated in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test during shifting of cognitive
sets?

A

DORSOLATERAL

74
Q

After middle age, what regions of the brain have decreasing sleep spindle density?

A

FRONTAL AND OCCIPITAL LOBES

75
Q

What neurodevelopmental process predominantly occurs during adolescence and young
adulthood?

A

SYNAPTIC PRUNING

76
Q

In what structure in the brain are circadian rhythms related to sleep behavior set and maintained?

A

SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS

77
Q

What sensation is transmitted through the spinothalamic tract?

A

PAIN

78
Q

The ability to temporarily store and manipulate information such as in mental arithmetic is known as what type of memory?

A

WORKING MEMORY

79
Q

Neural circuit that connects anterolateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior part of the putamen,
and the thalamus is involved in what cognitive function?

A

AFFECTIVE PROCESSING

80
Q

What type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS?

A

SCHWANN

81
Q

Region of the brain most closely associated with cortical processing of faces?

A

LEFT PARIETAL

82
Q

This hypothalamic nuclei is key to integration of neural and nutrient signals with hormonal
signals from the small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue and brainstem

A

ARCUATE NUCLEUS

83
Q

Region of brain connected with the anterior medial frontal cortex during recognition of
affective behavior by mirror neuron system.

A

INSULA

84
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone is release from which brain region during stress?

A

PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS

PRITE Neuroscience (3 decks)

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