Neurology Flashcards
1
Q
gyrus
A
folds of cerebrum
2
Q
brain damage due to lack of O2 time
A
4 minutes
3
Q
Cerebral peduncles are
A
Large tracts that contain axons of motor neurons from cerebrum to rest of brainstem and spinal cord
4
Q
Lateral gray horn only in
A
thoracic and upper lumbar segments
****autonomic motor only located in lateral gray horn
5
Q
Spinal Reflex vs cranial reflex
A
simple vs occurs in brain stem
6
Q
Ganglion cluster
A
cluster in PNS
7
Q
Pons aka
A
bridge
8
Q
Nodes of Ranvier
A
Gaps in myelin along axon
9
Q
Spinal root definition
A
2 bundles of axons connect each spinal nerve to cord
10
Q
Axon Terminals aka
A
Synaptic Vesicle
11
Q
S Division
P Division
A
S=Sympathetic
P=parasympathetic
12
Q
Spinal Cord description
A
Connects to brain surrounded by vertebral column; 100 million neurons
13
Q
Ependymal
A
Form CSF in ventricles
14
Q
Multipolar Structure
A
most common; several dendrites one axon
15
Q
S and P have what effects
A
antagonistic
16
Q
Cranial nerves
A
12 pairs; I-XII; part of PNS and emerge from base of brain
17
Q
Brain stem contains
A
continuous with spinal cord contains medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
18
Q
SNS motor pathway
A
one neuron from CNS to effector
19
Q
SNS sensory pathway
A
3 cell bodies
- dorsal root ganglion
- spinal cord or brain stem
- thalamus
20
Q
2 spinal white matter columns
A
Sensory tract (ascending) Motor Tract (descending)
21
Q
primary somatosensory area
A
postcentral gyrus
22
Q
Diseases destroying myelin sheaths (2)
A
multiple sclerosis
Tay-sechs
23
Q
What is called the emotional brain?
A
the limbic system
24
Q
Somatic Nervous System
Motor:
Sensory:
A
Motor: Voluntary control
Sensory: Senses
25
What helps execute skilled motor movements?
Cerebellum
26
What cell produces CSF?
ependymal cells
27
sacral plexus supplies
buttocks, perineum, most lower limbs
28
Astrocyte function
form blood brain barrier
29
posterior horn has what neurons
sensory neurons
30
Ganglia (system and description )
PNS/small masses of neurons
31
Brain matter (gray and white)
Gray matter in thin cortex surrounds white matter
32
Subarachnoid space
between arachnoid and pia mater; filled with CSF
33
Enteric Nervous Systems
Monitors chemical changes in GI tract;
| Regulate contractions, acids, endocrine cells
34
Unipolar
Fused dendrite and axon; sensory of spine
35
Action Potential aka
Nerve impulse; allows for neuron communications
36
What cell produces myelin around PNS neurons?
Schwann Cells
37
2 spinal cord grooves
anterior median fissure
| posterior median fissure
38
Spinal cord 2 enlargements
Cervical: upper limbs
Lumbar: lower limbs
39
Pons connects:
connects left and right side of cerebellum
40
Pineal gland secrets
melatonin
41
Nerve wrap layers (4)
1. endoneurium: wraps axons
2. fascicle: group of axons in bundle
3. perineurium : wrap fascicles
4. Epineurium: covers entire nerve*
42
Action Potential requires
Resting membrane
| ion channels
43
Amino Acids (4)
glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric, glycine
44
Neurons function
electric/ unique functions
45
primary motor area
precentral gyrus
46
Somatic motor pathway route
```
axon
ventral root
spinal nerve
muscle
voluntary movements
```
47
Pia Mater
Inner layer; thin and delicate; adheres to spina cord and brain
48
3 basic neurons
```
sensory neurons (afferent)*
interneuron
moto neuron (efferent)*
```
49
anterior spinothalamic tract controls (2)
light touch sensation
| deep pressure sensation
50
lumbar plexus supplies
abdominal wall, external genitals parts of lower limbs
51
What coordinates reflex center for the eye, head movement and auditory relay?
Cerebellum
52
Cerebrum
largest and most superior part
| "X-Men"
53
Cell Body contents (3)
Nucleus cytoplasm organelles
54
Sensory Neuron
Afferent/Conveys info to CNS
55
lobes of cerebrum hemispheres
frontal parietal temporal occipital
56
Microglia
Protects CNS cells from disease
57
parietal lobe and frontal lobe separated by
central sulcus
58
```
Neuro transmitters (5)
AAMNN
```
```
ACh
amino acid
modified amino acid
norepinephrine
nitric oxide
```
59
Regeneration of PNS neurons
Axons and dendrites can be repaired if cell body is intact and Schwann Cells are functional
60
Parasympathetic cell bodied cranial nerves + segments
3
7
9
10
S2-S4
61
Oligodendrocyte
Produce myelin in CNS
62
What cell produces myelin around the CNS neuron?
Oligodendrocytes
63
Where is CSF produced
choroid plexuses
| located in ventricles in the brain
64
Components of synapse
```
presynaptic neuron (sending)
Synaptic cleft (space between)
post synaptic neuron (receiving neuron)
```
65
right hemisphere of brain
pattern recognition, emotional content, sight, sound, taste, smell
66
Gray Matter definition
Lacks myelin
67
Axon
conducts away from cell body/ cone-shaped Axon Hillcock
68
Effectors act on
Muscles and Glands
69
Myelination
insulates axon and speeds up impulses; increases from birth to maturity
70
Rest and Digest
| "SLUDD"
```
salivation
lacrimation
urination
digestion
defecation
```
71
White matter definition
Primarily myelinated axons
72
Spinal nerve pair breakdown
```
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccyx
```
73
Pons associated with which cranial nerves
5-8
74
diencephalon
superior brain stem contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
75
Neuroglia (4)
Support nourish and protect neurons
critical for homeostasis of ISF around nucleus
cells smaller but many more
make up 1/2 volume of the CNS
76
Spinal Cord White Matter
Tracts act as highways
77
Meninges layers
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
78
Regeneration of CNS
very limited; inhibited by neuroglia
79
3 PNS subdivisions
EAS
SNS
ANS
ENS
80
left hemisphere of brain
speech, writing, numerical, science, reasoning
81
What AREA* regulates breathing and speech muscles
Broca's Speech Area
82
Enteric Plexus (system and description)
PNS/ located in GI tract
83
hypothalamus
important for homeostasis
| controls pituitary gland and hormone production*
84
Medulla oblongata white matter
contains all sensory and motor tracts between spinal cord and brain
85
stimulus charge
-55 microvolts
86
Dura Mater
Outer layer; tough and dense; extends to S2; covers brain
87
Brain description
Surrounded by skull; 100 Billion neurons
88
Satellite Cells
Support neurons in PNS ganglia
89
Posterior Root (grey H)
(sensory) Sensory axons supply to CNS
90
AP phases
Stimulus
Depolarizing Phase (rising)
Repolarizing Phase (return to resting)
Hyperpolarization
91
brain blood supply stats
2% body weight; 20% O2 supply
92
Medulla oblongata associated with what cranial nerves
8-12
93
sulcus
shallow grooves of cerebrum
94
3 neuroglia functions
do not generate or conduct impulses
s/n/p neurons
multiply to fill space formerly occupied by neurons
95
One sympathetic preganglionic axon can synapse how may postganglionic neuron cell bodies
20
96
Saltatory conduction definition
nodes of Ranvier allow impulses to leap from one node to the next
*faster form
97
brachial plexus supplies
upper limbs, some neck, shoulder muscles
98
Autonomic Nervous System
Motor:
Sensory:
Motor: Involuntary
Sensory: to Visceral Organs
99
Bundle of Axons (2)
Nerve-PNS
| Tract-CNS
100
Motor neuron
Efferent/ convey info away from CNS to muscle &glands
101
Sensory Receptor (system and function)
PNS; Monitor environment changes
102
3 regions of diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland
103
ACh (and function)
Acetylcholine
| PNS/Stimulatory to skeletal muscle and inhibitory to cardiac muscle
104
Anterior Root (grey H)
(motor) Axons of motor neuron from CNS to effector
105
3 Neuron Structural Classes
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
106
6 neuroglia types
| "A-MOSES"
```
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
```
107
Midbrain connects...
Pons to diencephalon
108
Autonomic Nervous System motor pathway
two neurons from CNS to effector
109
Pons contains which tracts?
ascending(sensory) and descending (motor)
110
Bipolar Structure
One dendrite one axon; specialized
111
descending tract example
corticospinal tract (CST)
112
Spinal Cord Gray Matter
Receives and integrates info for reflexes
113
3 factors increasing rate of conduction
myelin
large diameter
warm nerve fibers
114
Little brain aka
Cerebellum
115
Longitudinal fissure
divides cerebrum into right and left hemispheres
116
Spinal cord matter (white and gray)
white(tracts) surround the gray H (butterfly)
117
Somatosensory association area
located in postcentral gyrus
| storage of memories of past sensory experiences
118
Dendrite
Carry Impulses to cell body/ branches
119
Cell body in CNS
Nucleus
120
Interneuron
Integrates info/ analyzes and stores info
121
What network of nerves are located in the GI tract?
enteric
122
Arachnoid Mater
middle layer; extends into subarachnoid space
123
2 classes of neurologic tissue
Neuron
| Neuroglia
124
lateral spinothalamic tract
pain
| hot vs cold
125
Spinal nerves
31 PAIRS serving each part of the body
126
Medulla oblongata location
forms inferior part of brain stem
127
Schwan Cells
Produce myelin around PNS
128
Epidural Space
Fat between vertebrae and dura mater
129
PNS contents
```
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Ganglia
Enteric Plexus
Sensory Receptors
```
130
Continuous conduction definition
in unmyelinated axons currents flow across adjacent portions of plasma membrane
131
Spinal cord lengths
16-18" from medulla ob. to L2
132
Responsible for conscious proprioception
posterior column- medial lemniscus pathway
133
modified amino acids (3)
Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
134
Coordinates muscular movement
Red nuclei of midbrain
135
Midbrain associated with what cranial nerves?
III and IV
136
Autonomic controls voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
137
Medulla oblongata gray matter + 2 important features
contains nuclei where neurons form synapses
1. Cardiovascular center regulates rate and force of the heart and diameter of vessels
2. Medullary rhythmicity regulates breathing
138
Lateralization
brain controls the opposite of the body
139
What nerves carry 80% of P impulses to viscera?
Vagus
CN X
"DMX/CNX"
140
Neuron 4 parts
Cell body
Dendrite
Axon
Axon Terminal
141
Circle of Willis
circulatory anastomosis supplies blood to brain and surrounding areas via 2 carotid arteries
142
Neuroglia function
Support, nourish and protect neurons
143
resting potential charge
-70 microvolts
144
cervical plexus supplies
posterior head, neck, upper shoulder and diaphragm
145
Spinal cord white mater
myelinated axons with 2 columns
146
anterior horn
motor neurons
147
thalamus
major sensory relay center; contributes to motor functions
148
Nervous system tasks (7)
```
smell
touch
temp
speech
remember
body movement
operation of internal organs
```
149
ANS subdivisions
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
150
CNS contents
Brain and Spinal Cord
151
3 neurons in SNS pathway
distal root ganglion
brain stem or spinal cord
thalamus
152
Somatic Sensory Pathway example
Posterior column - medial lemniscus pathway senses
153
Anterior spinothalamic tracts 2 tasks
light touch
| deep sensation
154
Lateral spinothalamic tract
| 2 tasks
pain and temp
155
What tests for proprioception?
Romberg
156
Upper abdominal reflex vertebrae
T8-T10
157
Lower Abdominal Reflex Vertebrae
T10-12
158
Cremasteric reflex vertebrae
T12 L1 L2
159
Deep Tendon Bicep Vertebrae
C5 C6
160
Plantar vertebrae reflex
L5 S1 S2
161
Triceps reflex
C5 C7 C8
162
Patellar reflex vertebrae
L2-L4
163
Achilles reflex vertebrae
S1 S2
164
DTR 4
very brisk/hyperactive
165
DTR 3
brisk/ slightly hyperactive
166
DTR 2
active/normal
167
DTR 1
sluggish/diminished
168
reabsorbs CSF
arachnoid villi
169
One antibiotic that permeates blood brain barrier
ceftriaxone
170
Tract for Deep Sensation and Light Touch
AST
| Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
171
Tract for Px and Temp
LST
| Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
172
CN in Pons
CN 5-8
173
Brain Blood Barrier allows what to pass
```
Lipid soluble and :
O2
CO2
EOTH
Anesthesia
```
