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Exam Revision > Neurology 2 > Flashcards

Neurology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is encephalitis

A

an infection of brain parenchyma

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2
Q

symptoms of encephalitis

A

insidious onset of

- fever, altered mental status, seizures, speech/memory problems

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3
Q

Tx of encephalitis

A

IV aciclovir- likely to be viral due to herpes simlpex/zoster

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4
Q

cause of viral meningitis

A

Enterovirus e.g. ECHO virus

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5
Q

features of viral meningitis

A

occurs late summer/autumn
self limiting
common - particularly children

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6
Q

Cloudy CSF on lumbar puncture

A

bacterial meningitis

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7
Q

Clear CSF + High lymphocytes

A

viral meningitis

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8
Q

High neutrophils + protein in CSF

A

bacterial infection

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9
Q

why is there LOW glucose in the CSF with bacterial infection

A

bacteria utilise glucose for energy

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10
Q

presence of xanthochromia in CSF

A

subarachnoid haemorrhage

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11
Q

presence of oligoclonal bands in CSF

A

Multiple sclerosis

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12
Q

what areas of the brain does HSV1 encephalitis affect

A

temporal + frontal lobes

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13
Q

what form of herpes causes encephalitis in neonates

A

HSV2

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14
Q

what virus might cause encephalitis in those with immunodeficiency

A

CMV

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15
Q

cardinal symptoms of bacterial meningitis

A

headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, non-blanching rash, vomiting

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16
Q

causes of meningitis in neonates

A

Listeria
E.coli
Group B strep

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17
Q

most common cause of meningitis in children under 10

A

haemophilus influenza B

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18
Q

most common cause of meningitis 10-23 year olds

A

meningococcal

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19
Q

most common cause of meningitis in >23 year olds

A

pneumococcal

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20
Q

most common cause of meningitis in >65 year olds

A

listeria

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21
Q

what organisms cause meningitis in immunocompromised

A

listeria
staph aureus
strep pneumonia

22
Q

what organism might cause meningitis in a skull fracture

A

Strep pneumonia

23
Q

what organism might cause meningitis in head injury/post neurosurgery/CSF shunt

A

staph aureus / staph epidermidis

24
Q

elderly patient with non-specific ill health + poor yield from CSF

A

TB meningitis

25
Q

triad of symptoms in bacterial meningitis

A

fever, stiff neck, altered consciousness

26
Q

when should you NEVER perform a lumbar puncture

A

if confirmed/suspected raised ICP

27
Q

features of CSF in aseptic meningitis

A

low WBC
minimally elevated protein
normal glucose

28
Q

empirical therapy for meningitis

A

IV ceftriaxone 2g BD

29
Q

what is given in meningitis if they are penicillin allergic

A

IV chloramphenicol + IV vancomycin

30
Q

what is given for listeria meningitis

A

IV amoxicillin

31
Q

what is given to patients with listeria who are allergic to penicillin

A

IV co-trimoxazole

32
Q

what else is given to patients suspected to have bacterial meningitis before/with first dose of antibiotics

A

IV dexamethasone

33
Q

Tx of group B meningitis

A

benzylpenicillin + gentamicin

34
Q

drugs used as meningitis prophylaxis

e.g. family members at risk from catching it

A

rifampicin
ciprofloxacin
ceftriaxone

35
Q

anterior cord syndrome

A

bilateral weakness + loss of pain/temp

spares dorsal column - fine touch + proprioception preserved

36
Q

posterior cord syndrome

A

loss of fine touch + proprioception below level of lesion + complete sensory loss a the level of the lesion
only affects dorsal column
- pain, temp + motor preserved

37
Q

central cord syndrome

A

bilateral limb weakness (typically upper)

cape like distribution of sensory loss

38
Q

hemisection of the cord

A

ipsilateral loss of fine touch + proprioception + weakness

contralateral loss of pain + temperature

39
Q

cauda equina syndrome

A

compression at L4/5 OR L5/S1

Asymmetrical weakness
saddle anaesthesia
bladder + bowel retention

40
Q

common complication of subdural haematoma

A

recurrent haemorrhage

41
Q

elderly patient with headache, gait disturbance, dementia + urinary incontinence

A

normal pressure hydrocephalus

42
Q

fever, headache, malaise + molluscum contagiosum

A

cryptococcal meningitis

- fungal, usually HIV patients

43
Q

treatment of cryptococcal meningitis

A

IV amphotericin

44
Q

what does molluscum contagiousum indicate

A

immunosuppression in HIV

45
Q

what is myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disorder of neuromuscular junction

46
Q

what are the antibodies produced in myasthenia gravis

A

anti- AChR antibodies

- against post synaptic acetylcholine receptors

47
Q

symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A

droopy eye lids, difficulty holding head upright, Proximal limb weakness, respiratory difficulties
thymus hyperplasia in 70%

48
Q

treatment of myasthenia gravis

A

oral pyridostigmine - anti cholinesterase

49
Q

transient bilateral facial palsy, uveitis, parotitis + hypercalcaemia

A

acute sarcoidosis

50
Q

Charcot marie tooth syndrome

A

hereditary motor + sensory neuropathy

  • bilateral foot drop
  • pes cavus
  • stomping gait

Exam Revision (32 decks)

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