Neurophysiology part 2 deck 3

Question 1

The great diversity of neurotransmitters’ function can be grouped into what two classifications?

Answer 1

effects and actions

Question 2

Neurotransmitter effects can be ___ and/or ____?

Answer 2

excitatory (depolarizing) and/or inhibitory (hyper polarizing)

Question 3

The effect of a neurotransmitter can be determined by what?

Answer 3

the receptor to which it binds

Question 4

GABA and glycine are usually ___?

Answer 4

inhibitory

Question 5

Glutamate is usually ___?

Answer 5

excitatory

Question 6

What two neurotransmitters bind to at least two receptor types with opposite effects?

Answer 6

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Question 7

ACh is excitatory at?

Answer 7

neuromuscular junctions in keletal muscle

Question 8

ACH is however, inhibitory in?

Answer 8

cardiac muscle

Question 9

Direct action involves neurotransmitter binding ___?

Answer 9

directly to and opens ion channels, examples include ACh and amino acids

Question 10

Neurotransmitter acting through intracellular second messengers (usually G protein pathways) is ___action?

Answer 10

indirect

Question 11

Neuromodulator are?

Answer 11

chemical messenger released by neuron that does not directly cause EPSPs or IPSPs but instead affects strength of synaptic transmission

Question 12

Synthesis, release, degradation or reuptake of neurotransmitter may be influenced by ____?

Answer 12

neuromodulator

Question 13

Neuromodulator may alter sensitivity of ___?

Answer 13

postsynaptic membrane to neurotransmitter

Question 14

Neuromodulator may be released as a ___?

Answer 14

paracrine, effect is only local

Question 15

Channel-linked receptors involve what kind of ion channels? The action is?

Answer 15

ligand gated with action being immediate and brief

Question 16

Excitatory receptors in channel linked receptors are?

Answer 16

channels for small cations with Na+ influx contributing most to depolarization

Question 17

Inhibitory receptors in channel linked receptors allow?

Answer 17

Cl- influx that causes hyperpolarization

Question 18

G protein linked receptors involve receptors that are?

Answer 18

indirect, complex, slow and often prolonged

Question 19

G protein linked receptors involves transmembrane ___?

Answer 19

protein complexes and this causes widespread metabolic changes

Question 20

What are the three examples of G protein linked receptors?

Answer 20

Muscarinic ACh receptors, receptors that bind to biogenic amines, and receptors that bind to neuropeptides

Question 21

A neurotransmitter that binds to G protein linked receptor in turn activating G protein is known as ?

Answer 21

mechanism

Question 22

What does activated G protein in mechanism control?

Answer 22

the production of second messengers like cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, diacylglycerol or Ca2+

Question 23

2nd messengers in mechanics can then do what to ion channels, enzymes, channel proteins, and protein synthesis>

Answer 23

can open or close ion channels, activate kinase enzymes, phosphorylate channel proteins and activate genes and include protein synthesis

Question 24

Neural integration is __?

Answer 24

neurons functioning together in groups

Question 25

What must the billion neurons in CNS have?

Answer 25

integration so that the individual parts fuse to make a smoothly operating whole

Question 26

The ___ pool is the functional group of ___?

Answer 26

neuronal, neurons

Question 27

In neuronal pool, integrate incoming info is received from what?

Answer 27

from other receptors or other neuronal pools

Question 28

In neuronal pool, what occurs to other destinations?

Answer 28

forward processed information

Question 29

In simple neuronal pool, what happens to a single presynaptic fiber?

Answer 29

It branches and synapses with several neurons in pool

Question 30

In discharge zone of simple neuronal pool, neurons closer to ___?

Answer 30

incoming fiber are more likely to generate impulse

Question 31

In facilitated zone of simple neuronal pool, neurons on periphery of pool are ___?

Answer 31

farther away from incoming fiber

Question 32

Neurons on periphery pool are usually not excited to threshold unless what occurs?

Answer 32

unless stimulated by another source