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Somewhat school work > neurotransmitters > Flashcards

neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

what type of neurons release ACh

A

somatic motor neurons

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2
Q

where in the brain in Ach Released

A

basal forebrain

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3
Q

name the receptor that binds Ach

A

Nicotinic

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4
Q

in which nervous system does ACh work

A

Autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

after release from the forebrain where do the signals go?

A

cerebral cortex and hippocampus

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6
Q

what is the function of ACh

A
  1. Arousal
  2. Wakefulness
  3. Learning
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7
Q

name another receptor that binds to ACh besides Nicotinic

A

Muscarinic

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8
Q

what happens in Alzheimer’s disease

A

Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain die

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9
Q

how is Alzheimer’s managed in the context of ACh

A

by giving acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

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10
Q

give an example of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

A

Rivastigmine

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11
Q

Name the two main Glutamate receptors

A

AMPA and NMDA

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12
Q

what does the NMDA do that the AMPA does not do

A
  1. they open only during depolarization
  2. they allow Ca2+ to flow in
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13
Q

what function does Ca2+ play

A

they act as second messengers and are important in long term potentiation

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14
Q

activation of which receptors will cause future ESPS to be bigger and what significance does it serve

A

NMDA and it is important in Long Term Potentiation

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15
Q

how can LTP be induced

A
  1. adding more AMPA receptors
  2. phosphorylation of AMPA receptors
  3. release of more glutamate
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16
Q

how do the Metabotropic receptors work

A

by having the G protein to activate a Diacylglycerol-inositol triphosphate second messenger cascade

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17
Q

what is the main function of GABA

A

It acts as a inhibitor neurotransmitter

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18
Q

what function does the GABA receptors perform in terms of channels

A

they result in a influx of Cl ions

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19
Q

what factors target/compete for sites of GABA receptors

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Anaesthetics
  3. Benzodiazepines (drug that slows down brain and body function)
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20
Q

where is GABA commonly found

A

presynaptic signals

21
Q

what are the two receptors for GABA

A

Ionotropic and Metabotropic

22
Q

what is the molecular name of serotonin

A

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

23
Q

where in the brain is Serotonin released

A

Raphe nuclei

24
Q

what is the function of serotonin

A
  1. Mood, emotions and sleep
  2. control food intake
  3. cognitive pathway
  4. thermoregulation and pain
25
Q

what elevates serotonin levels

A
  1. anti-depressants
26
Q

in aggression are the levels or serotonin high or low

A

high

27
Q

does appetite increase or decrease with high serotonin levels

A

decrease

28
Q

explain the life cycle of serotonin

A

it is removed from the synapse by specific transporters (SERT) and when it gets back to the presynaptic terminal it can either be reloaded into vesicles or broken down by enzymes

29
Q

what enzyme breaks down serotonin in the presynaptic terminal?

A

MAO - monoamine oxidase

30
Q

where is the enzyme MAO found?

A

Mitochrondria of the presynaptic neuron

31
Q

name the three catecholamines

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

32
Q

what is the function of Catecholamines

A
  1. Mood
  2. Movement
  3. attention
  4. autonomic function
33
Q

what is the function of Tyrosine Hydroxylase

A

it is a rate limiting enzyme involved in catecholamines synthesis

34
Q

name the four pathways Dopamine in involved in

A
  1. Nigrostriatal pathway
  2. Mesolimbic pathway
  3. Mesocortical pathway
  4. Tuberinfundibular Pathway
35
Q

what is the function of the Nigrostriatal pathway

A

Movement

36
Q

where does the mesolimbic pathway originate

A

the ventral tegmental area

37
Q

what is the function of the mesolimbic

A

Motivation and Desire

38
Q

where does the mesocortical pathway project to?

A

frontal lobe

39
Q

what is the function of the mesocortical pathway

A

motivation in cognition
motivation in sensation
conscious emotion

40
Q

what disease is associated with the mesocortocal and mesolimbic

A

ADHD
Schizophrenia

41
Q

where does the tuberinfundibular pathway originate and project

A

Arcuate nucleous of the Hypothalamus and projects into the pituitary gland (posterior lobe)

42
Q

what is the function of the tuberinfundibular pathway

A

release of prolactin

43
Q

which receptors are the activation receptors for Dopamine

A

D1 and D5

44
Q

which receptors are the inhibitory receptors for Dopamine

A

D2, D3 and D4

45
Q

what disease in linked with Dopamine

A

Parkinson’s
ADHD
Schizophrenia

46
Q

what drugs work against dopamine

A

Cocaine - blocks reuptake of dopamine by blocking
transporter on the presynaptic neuron
Methamphetamine - reverses the action of the
transporter, which then actively pumps out more
dopamine

47
Q

where is norepinephrine released

A

Pons and medulla

48
Q

what is the function of norepinephrine

A

Arousal and Vigilance

Somewhat school work (13 decks)

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