NID epidemiology

Question 1

Retrospective association study

Answer 1

Examines exposure to and risk/protection factors in relation to outcome established at start of study

Question 2

Retrospective study disadvantages

Answer 2

Errors
Bias
Lack of data

Question 3

Prospective association study

Answer 3

Examines outcomes such as disease development during a study period
Examines risk/protection factors

Question 4

Prostate cancer case study

Answer 4

UK
2012-14
Age risk factor
Incidence + mortality increase after 50

Question 5

PSA

Answer 5

Prostate specific antigens
Produced by normal and cancerous cells
Levels increase with age
Above 3ng/mL = cancer

Question 6

PSA disadvantages

Answer 6

False positives
Misdiagnosis

Question 7

Prostate cancer screening trial outcome

Answer 7

Cases detected
Mortality remains roughly the same, causes worry, expensive

Question 8

Testicular cancer case study

Answer 8

UK
2012-14
Age risk factor
Affects 25-34 - pubertal hormones
High survival rate
Other risks of ethnicity, undescended testes, late puberty, weight etc

Question 9

Descriptive epidemiology

Answer 9

Studies the pattern + frequency of events
Person place time

Question 10

Analytic epidemiology

Answer 10

Studies causes + risk factors associated with disease
Determine disease rates

Question 11

Diabetes patterns

Answer 11

Highest prevalence in Middle East
Highest morbidity in LMICs
Increased likelihood in south asian + African carribean