Non infectious disease - cancer and cardiovascular disease Flashcards Preview

Epidemiology in Practice > Non infectious disease - cancer and cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

Flashcards in Non infectious disease - cancer and cardiovascular disease Deck (21)
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1
Q

Explain the concept of epidemiological transition

A

This is the changes in levels and causes of mortality, which is commonly summarised as: a decline in total mortality, and a significant reduction in infectious diseases, which increase the relative role of chronic non-communicable diseases

2
Q

why is the epidemiological transition complex and dynamic

A

It is as a result of: demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes
Some diseases disappear (small pox) and others appear(AIDS) or re-emerge (TB,Dengue). There is a decline in stomach cancer, rise and fall of lung cancer and a shift from stroke to heart disease

3
Q

what are the most commonly diagnosed cancer

A

Lung, breast and colorectal cancer

4
Q

what is the most common cause of cancer death

A

Lung, liver and stomach cancers

5
Q

how could most cancers be prevented

A

one third of cancers are likely to bepreventablethrough a small number of lifestyle and environmental approaches

6
Q

what percentage of deaths are due to cancer worldwide

A

Causes more than 25% of deaths worldwide

7
Q

what is the cancer burden shifting to

A

Burden is shifting to less developed countries. Incidence varies between populations

8
Q

what is the largest preventable cause of cancer

A

smoking

9
Q

what are current cancer rates affected by

A

changes and exposures that took place in the past because cancer can take up to 20 years to appear

10
Q

what are the 9 major risks that cancer deaths are attributable to

A
Smoking
Low intake of fruit and veg
alcohol use
Unsafe sex
Overweight and obesity
physical inactivity
contaminated injections in healthcare
Urban air pollution
Indoor smoke from household solid fuel use
11
Q

what infections can cancer deaths be due to

A

Hepatitis, H.pylori (gastric cancer), HPV (cervical cancer) , EBV (stomach cancer) , HIV, Schistosomes

12
Q

what do changes in mortality and incidence over time reflect changes in

A

exposure, diagnosis, screening and treatment

13
Q

what are the risk factors for CVD

A

Raised Blood pressure - 62% of all strokes and 49% of all HD attributable to raised BP. Tobacco - Smoking curtails life by 10 years, but prevalence of smoking has decreased, i.e. though smoking ban etc. High cholesterol. Obesity. Underweight and Unsafe sex - These are mainly applicable in developing countries

14
Q

what are the first and second cause specific mortality

A

CHD and stroke

15
Q

where are there low rates of CHD

A

japan

16
Q

where are there high rates of CHD

A

in formerly socialist economies of Europe and in the Middle East

17
Q

three main risk factors of CVD

A

High blood pressure, Tobacco smoking, Serum Cholesterol level

18
Q

what do these patterns (rising and declining rates within countries, large differences across countries which lessen or disappear with migration) indicate

A

indicate that environmental rather than genetic factors underlie much of the CVD risk worldwide

19
Q

What will worldwide trends of trend in overweight and obesity lead to

A

an increase in the burden of Non-communicable disease including metabolic disorders and diabetes.

20
Q

list the commonest non-infectious causes of world mortality

A

ischaemic heart diease, cerebrovascular disease

21
Q

trends to know

A

health decreases with socioeconomic class. Smoking is more prevalent among manual laborers. Smoking generally decreases with age though in some socioeconomic classes there is a peak around 45-54 years. Alcohol consumption decreases with socioeconomic class. Obesity increases as deprivation increases