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Non-Parametric Tests Flashcards

1
Q

What are nonparametric tests?

A

Any analytic method that does not involve making assumptions about the data of interest.

American Psychological Association

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2
Q

What is the definition of Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (r_s)?

A

A measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship of two ranked factors or variables measured on an ordinal scale, or when data measured on an interval or ratio scale is skewed.

Spearman’s rho is used when data is not normally distributed.

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3
Q

What are the assumptions for the Independent Samples T-Test?

A
  • Normality
  • Independent random sampling
  • Homogeneity of variance
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4
Q

What are the assumptions for the Related Samples T-Test?

A
  • Normality
  • Independent random sampling
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5
Q

What are the assumptions for One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA?

A
  • Normality
  • Independent random sampling
  • Homogeneity of variance
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6
Q

What are the assumptions for One-Way Within Subjects ANOVA?

A
  • Independent random sampling
  • Normality
  • Homogeneity of variance
  • Homogeneity of covariance
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7
Q

What are the assumptions for Pearson’s r?

A
  • Independent random sampling
  • Normality
  • Bivariate normal distribution
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8
Q

What is the Mann-Whitney U test used for?

A

To determine whether the dispersion of ranks in two independent groups is equal; it is a non-parametric alternative to the independent samples t-test.

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9
Q

What is the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks test used for?

A

To determine whether the total ranks in two related groups are significantly different; it is a nonparametric alternative to the related samples t-test.

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10
Q

What is the Kruskal-Wallis H test?

A

A statistical procedure used to determine whether the total ranks in two or more independent groups are significantly different; it is a nonparametric alternative to the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.

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11
Q

What is the Friedman test used for?

A

To determine whether the total ranks in two or more groups are significantly different when the same participants are observed in each group; it is a nonparametric alternative to the one-way within-subjects ANOVA.

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12
Q

What is the null hypothesis in statistical testing?

A

There is no linear relationship between the variables.

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13
Q

What is the non-directional alternative hypothesis?

A

There is a linear relationship between the variables.

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14
Q

What is the directional alternative hypothesis?

A

The relationship is either negative (less than zero) or positive (greater than zero).

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15
Q

What is Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient?

A

A measure of correlation that uses ranked data instead of raw data.

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16
Q

How do you interpret Spearman’s rho?

A
  • Positive (+): As one variable increases, the other increases
  • Negative (-): As one variable increases, the other decreases
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17
Q

What is the significance of a Spearman’s rho value of -1?

A

Indicates a perfect negative linear relationship.

18
Q

What does a Spearman’s rho value of 0 indicate?

A

Indicates no linear relationship.

19
Q

What is the interpretation of the magnitude of Spearman’s rho?

A
  • 0.0 ≤ |r| ≤ .10: Little if any relationship
  • .10 < |r| ≤ .30: Weak relationship
  • .30 < |r| ≤ .50: Moderate relationship
  • .50 < |r| ≤ 1.0: Strong relationship
20
Q

What is the critical information needed for the Mann-Whitney U test?

A
  • Alpha
  • Direction or non-directional hypothesis
  • Sample sizes (n1 and n2)
21
Q

What are the assumptions for the Mann-Whitney U test?

A
  • Independent random sampling
  • Dependent variable is continuous, ordinal, interval or ratio
  • Data is skewed and treated as ordinal
  • Small sample
22
Q

What is the formula for calculating Spearman’s rho?

A

Use the same formula for Pearson’s r, but with ranked data.

23
Q

What is the null hypothesis for the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks test?

A

The two populations are identical.

24
Q

What does the Kruskal-Wallis test extend?

A

The Mann-Whitney U test.

25
What is the significance of a p-value in hypothesis testing?
It indicates the probability of observing the test results under the null hypothesis.
26
What is the null hypothesis in the Friedman test?
The total ranks in the conditions are identical.
27
What is Pearson’s Chi-Square Test of Independence used for?
To determine whether frequencies at the combination of levels of two categorical variables are similar to frequencies expected by chance.
28
What types of frequencies are involved in Pearson’s Chi-Square Test?
* Observed frequencies * Expected frequencies
29
What is the purpose of Pearson’s Chi-Square Test of Independence?
To determine whether frequencies at the combination of levels of two categorical variables are similar to expected frequencies by chance. ## Footnote (Privitera, 2012)
30
What are observed frequencies?
The data reported by the participants that populate the cells in your contingency table.
31
What are expected frequencies?
The results that you would expect to see by chance, calculated using a formula.
32
What is the null hypothesis in statistical testing?
The hypothesis that there is no effect or no difference, often stating that any observed effect is due to sampling or experimental error.
33
What is the alternative hypothesis in statistical testing?
The hypothesis that there is an effect or a difference, indicating that the observed effect is not due to chance.
34
What are the assumptions for Pearson’s Chi-Square Test?
* Both variables are measured on nominal scales * Mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories * Independence of Observations * Size of expected frequencies
35
What should be included in the interpretation of a Chi-Square test result?
A statement about statistical significance, the Chi-Square statistic, degrees of freedom, sample size, and p-value.
36
What does Cramer’s Phi estimate?
The effect size for the chi-square test for independence for two categorical variables with any number of levels. ## Footnote (Privitera, 2012)
37
How is Cramer’s Phi calculated?
Using the formula: ( phi = sqrt{ rac{chi^2}{N cdot (k - 1)}} ), where N is total number of participants and k is the number of rows or columns, whichever is smaller.
38
What is the interpretation of Cramer’s Phi magnitude?
* 0.0 ≤ |rɸ| ≤ .10: Little if any relationship * .10 < |rɸ| ≤ .30: Weak relationship * .30 < |rɸ| ≤ .50: Moderate relationship * .50 < |rɸ| ≤ 1.0: Strong relationship
39
True or False: The Chi-Square Test can only be used for variables measured on ordinal scales.
False
40
Fill in the blank: The formula for calculating the Chi-Square statistic is _______.
𝛘² = Σ((O - E)² / E)

Statistics II (2 decks)

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