Nondeclarative memory Flashcards
(17 cards)
Explain classical and operant conditioning.
Yeah - I’m sure you know this stuff
How is it with motor memory consolidation (interference, declarative, sleep)?
- Consolidation is needed to make the muscle memory enduring
- BUT this process could be disrupted by a newly acquired muscle sequence
- moreover, if we were learning something declarative before -> it will slow down motor consolidation
- Benefit from period of sleep
What is a negative transfer?
= the fact that prior motor trace can interfere with the new ability we’re trying to grasp
- Past motor trace is already too strong and gets activated everytime one engages in the task (e.g. me automatically cutting cucumbers into small pieces because I’m used to making salads)
- Amount - depends on the degree of overlap
What are the 3 stages of skill acquisition?
- Cognitive stage = consciously and deliberately attempting the task
e.g. Trying to grasp Anamika’s choreo for the first time - Associative stage = associations become easier to retrieve (although effort still needs to be there)
e.g. Not retrieving every step but rather dancing the entire sequence - Autonomous stage = execution becomes automatic
- People can move through them depending on a situation e.g. If Anamika watches I retrieve to cognitive stage and mess it up
Describe the triarchic theory of skill learning.
This model encompassess 3 types of processing:
1. Metacognitive system = conscious, delibarate effort
- Engaged at the start
- Quick to develop BUT short-lived
- Processing the novel context
- Anterior prefrontal cortex (and others) exert control and modulate activity to let brain adapt to the new skill
2. Cognitive control network
- Enaged when we become more skilled
- dcPFC, ACC, IF junction, PPC
- develops longer BUT more enduring
4. Representation system = automatic
- Domain dependent (specific for that skill alone)
- Very looong development BUT also very enduring
What is meant by choking under pressure? Recall findings of research on novices and experts.
= phenomena in which there is an interference between automatic and conscious systems of a skill
- i.e. when an expert suddently starts to think how they are supposed to execute it
- Study:
- Novices benefit from focus on accuracy
- Experts on speed
What’s the difference between monitoring pressure and outcome pressure?
- Monitoring pressure = confict between conscious and automatic due to someone watching
- Outcome pressure = related to person’s anxiety about the outcome of the performance
- Here, anxiety fills up working memory and compromises its functioning
How do people with higher or lower levels of skill practice? Do they differ?
- People with higher level skills ted to practice parts they’re not yet good at
- People with lower level skills rather focus on the good parts
Define implicit memory.
= form of memory that doesn’t require conscious access, may operate without the person knowing it is there
What is an incidental learning? (possible neuronal correlates, e.g.)
= form of aquiring knowledge without people knowing it is being stored in the memory
- some evidence indicate presence of increased theta and decrease alpha band synchronization
- e.g. altering my speaking patterns to my classmates
What is priming?
= phenomena in which people respond quicker or more accurately thanks to earlier knowledge
- Indirect memory test
How does repetition priming work?
= people are better at responding to something they (even unconsciously) previously encountered
- E.g. I filled in H__S_ quicker than A_I__L because I previously read a research about PPA
- associated with lower neuronal activation (don’t have to work that hard since they were already activated)
How does word-stem completion work?
- People are given just few initial letters (“stem”) and asked to complete it with the first word that comes to their mind
How about word fragment completion?
- People given a word with missing letters and sked to complete it
What’s the deal with lexical decision task?
- People are given strings of letters and asked whether they are words or not
- Tend to be faster if they recently encountered this or semantically associated word
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory (except consciousness)
- Implicit is more data-driven
- affected by how information was previously presented (e.g. oral, written)
- e.g. seeing cloud as a cloud
- Explicit is more conceptually-driven (i.e. relies of prior knowledge, expectations)
- affected by the level of processing during encoding
- e.g. seeing a cloud that looks like a dragon
Explain the study on implicit memory of frequency patterns (the lights).
- Participants shown 4 lights with a button underneath each of them -> their task was to press the button after a light turns on
-> Control group = random
-> Experimental group = long pattern
Findings => eventhough people couldn’t consciously report the pattern they were faster at responding to it (+ eye movement showed anticipation)
