Not in Other Flashcards
(14 cards)
What is the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction? (3)
- Increases then plateaus
- It plateaus as all active sites occupied
- (rate of reaction) / maximum number of Enzyme-Substrate complexes per second;
Explain how a competitive inhibitor works (3)
- Inhibitor is a similar shape to substrate;
- Inhibitor enters active site
- Less substrate binds/fewer enzyme-substrate complexes form per second.
Describe how a non-competitive inhibitor works [3]
- Attaches to the enzyme at a site other than the active site (allosteric site);
- Changes (shape of) the active site
- (So active site and substrate) no longer complementary so less/no substrate can fit/bind
Effect of enzyme conc on rate of reaction
- increases then plateaus
- increases as substrate more likely to collide with enzyme and form ESC
- due to limited amount of substrate conc
Effect of temp on rate of reaction
- molecules have more KE
- rate increases until optimum
- after optimum, rate decreases
- AS changes shape -> enzyme denatured
- no more ESC form
What is the effect of pH on the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction? [3]
- pH changed from optimum
- charge in R group altered
- ionic (and weak H bonds) break
- AS changes shape -> S can no longer bind
- Less ESC form
Which inhibitor can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration?
competitive
What are monoclonal antibodies?
produced from a single group of genetically identical B cells
Describe the role of antibodies in producing a positive result in an ELISA test. [4]
- (First) antibody binds/attaches /complementary (in shape) to antigen;
- (Second) antibody with enzyme attached is added;
- (Second) antibody attaches to antigen;
- (Substrate/solution added) and colour changes;
What happens at point A and C on the graph?
A: venticles contract, forcing blood into aorta
C: SL valves closed. Ventricles relaxed
Describe how the heart muscle and the heart valves maintain a one-way flow of blood from the left atrium to the aorta. [6]
- Pressure higher in atrium than ventricle
- AV valve opens
- Pressure higher in ventricle than atrium
- AV valve closes
- Pressure higher in ventricle than aorta
- SL valve opens
- Pressure higher in aorta than ventricle
- SL valve closes
- contraction causes increase in pressure
Describe difference between structure of the xylem and the phloem
- xylem has pits and phloem doesn’t
- phloem contains sieve plate and xylem doesn’t
- phloem contains cytoplasm and xylem doesn’t
- xylem has lignin and phloem doesn’t
Types of Adaptations:
- Behavioural - changes in the way that organism acts
- Physiological - changes in the process in organism’s body
- Anatomical - changes in structural features of an organism’s body
Techniques to clarify evolutionary relationships:
- Genome Sequencing: DNA base sequence compared to other organism’s DNA. Closely related species = higher percentage of similar DNA
- Comparing A.A Sequence: More closely related organisms = more similar a.a sequences in protein
- Immunological Comparisons: similar proteins will also bind to same antibodies (e.g: Ab complementary to human version of protein, any protein similar to human version will also be recognised by that antibody)
