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NS Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral NS includes

A

Motor Neurons and senosry neruons

Motor breaks into somatic and autonomic

Autono ic breaks into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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2
Q

Sympathetic NS has which type of receptors

A

Adrenergic

Alpha and Beta

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3
Q

Parasympathetic division has which receptors

A

Cholinergic receptors

Muscarinic

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4
Q

Function of PNS

A

Recognize changes in the internal and external environment
Relies on receptors that respond to different sensory modalities
React to environmental changes by producing an action or response

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5
Q

Parasympathetic neurons originate from

A

Cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord

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6
Q

Symp neurons originate from

A

Neurons originate from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

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7
Q

Target tissues of NS ar

A

Organs and glands

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8
Q

Homeostais is achieved

A

Achieved by changing tone of one or both branches

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9
Q

Tone is achieved by

A

Increasing or decreasing the firing of sympathetic nerves
Increasing or decreasing the firing of parasympathetic nerves

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10
Q

Two neuron chain

A

Preganglionic neuron
Originate inside of CNS
Postganglionic neuron
Originate outside of CNS

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11
Q

Ganglion

A

A grouping of neuron cells bodies
In ANS, cell bodies are those of postganglionic neurons

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12
Q

Neuroeffector junction

A

A specialized synapse on which a postganglionic neuron terminates onto a target tissue (muscle or gland)

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13
Q

Two primary ANS NTs are

A

NE and ACh

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14
Q

Storage of the neurotransmitter

A

Millions of granules or vesicles at the terminal ends of each axon

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15
Q

Release of the neurotransmitter

A

At end of axon, action potential stimulates some vesicles to release their stored neurotransmitters into the synapse

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16
Q

General Mechanisms of ANS Drugs (2 of 2)

A

Bind to the neurotransmitter receptor site on the postganglionic nerve

Prevent the normal destruction or reuptake of the neurotransmitter

Prolonged

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17
Q

Cholinergic Receptors (Respond to Ach)

A

ParaSympathetic

Includes Nicotinic and Musscarinic

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18
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

Found on postganglionic neurons in ANS
Promotes sympathetic and parasympathetic effects
Found at neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle cells

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19
Q

Muscarinic

A

Found on parasympathetic target tissues
Promotes parasympathetic effects

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20
Q

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors are found where, and what NT do they respond to?

A

Found on target tissues of sympathetic nervous system
Promotes sympathetic effects

Respond to catecholamine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine

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20
Q

Drugs that Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system

A

Adrenergics, sympathomimetics, adrenergic agonists
Produce fight-or-flight response

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21
Q

ANS drugs classed based on four [ossible actions

A

Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system
Stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system
Inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system

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22
Q

Drugs causing inhib of Symp NS

A

Adrenergic antagonists, antiadrenergic, adrenergic blockers
Produce actions opposite to adrenergics

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23
Q

Drugs stimulaing Parasymp NS

A

Cholinergics, parasympathomimetics, muscarinic agonists
Produce rest-and-digest response

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24
Inhin of parasymp NS
Anticholinergics, parasympatholytics, muscarinic blockers Produce actions opposite to those of the cholinergics
25
Cholinergics are rarely used due to
Severe effects SLUDGE
26
SLUDGE
Excessive salivation Excessive lacrimation Urinary incontinence Diarrhea GI Cramps Emesis
27
Cholinergics are contrindicate in asthma
bc they constrict bronchiles
28
Anticholinergics
Drugs that block or inhibit the actions of ACh in the parasupathetic NS
29
Anticholinergics mech of action
Competitive antagonists Compete with Acetylcholine (Ach) Block ACh at the muscarinic receptors in the PSNS As a result, ACh is unable to bind to the receptor site and cause a cholinergic effect Once these drugs bind to receptors, they inhibit nerve transmission at these receptors
30
Drug effect for Anticholinergic agents
Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities Increase HR in bradycardia CNA Reduce Muscle tremor GI disorders decrease gastric acid secretion in peptic ulcer disease Slow intensinal motility Pre anethetis
31
Anticholinerigic effect on GI d
GI disorders decrese the secretion of gasric acid. slow intestinal motility
32
Antichoinergics cardiac affect
ACClerate HR
33
Pre anethia use of anticholinergic
In combo with other meds Decrease resp secretions and reverse bardycadia
34
What is atropine
the antidote for cholinergic drugs It should be available for immediate use if needed
35
Adrenergic
Drugs in this class include naturally occurring substances such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Norepinephrine (NE) is the major neurotransmitter. Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the CNS.
35
Contraindications for Cholinergic antagonsits
Acute angle galcuoma Heart conditions Hyperthyroid Renal conditions Gerd Ulcer colitis Paralytic iileus
36
Adrenergic receptors with two subtypes Beta and Alpha
Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 Beta 1 and Beta 2
37
Beta 1 adrenergic recpetors located primarrily in
The heart
38
Beta2 adrenergic recepots located primarliy in the
smooth muscle of bronchioles
39
Conditions treated by adrenergic agonsits
Alpha 1- nasal congestion, hypotension, and mydriasis. Alpha 2- Hypertension Beta 1- cardiac arrest, heart failure and shock. Sometimes called cardiotonic or inotropic because they increase the force of contraction of the heart Beta 2- Asthma - relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle (bronchodilators)
40
Side effects of adrenergic drugs le epinephrine
Severe CV effects (Tachycardia or HTN)
41
Prototype- Phenylephrine
Adrenergic Agonist Selective only affects the alpha1 receptors Used during hypotension or for nasal congestion Has few cardiac side effects
42
Adrenergic Antagonists (Blockers)
Medications in this class have great therapeutic application and are the most widely prescribed autonomic drug. Mainly used for hypertension. Bind to adrenergic receptors, but inhibit or block stimulation of the SNS ___________ Beta-blockers and Alpha-blockers Have the opposite effect of adrenergic agents AKA Adrenergic antagonists Sympatholytics
43
Adverse effects of alpha-blockers
Ortho HOTN Especially a risk at begiing of treatment, this is called the first dose phenomenon
43
Beta-Blockers
May block stimulation of both beta-1 or 2 or both receptors in the SNS Most common blood pressure medications Eg after next slide
44
Beta 1 receptors
Located primarily on the heart Beta-blockers selective for these receptors are called cardioselective beta-blockers
45
Beta 2 Receptors
Located primarily on smooth muscles of bronchioles and blood vessels Nonspecific Beta-blockers block both beta1- and beta2-receptors
46
Do we give non sspecigic beta blocker to ashma
No
47
What type of receptors does ACh bind to?
Muscarinic and Nicotinic
47
Most common action of beta blockers
Decreased HR and BP
48
How to prevent HOTN when use beta blockers
Check BP and HR before giving medication
49
Beta blockers may cause (secondary adverse effects)
Diarrhea Stomach cramps Nausea Vomiting
50
Steps in a synaptic transmission
SC, Preganglionic Neuron, Postgnaglionic neuron (Autonomic gnaglionn), Effector
51
Where are NTs synthesized?
In the cell body or axon terminal of neruon
52
How are NT removed from synapse?
Degraded in synaptic cleft by enzymes Ach degraded by acetylcholinesterase (AchE) NE degraded by catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) in synapse Reuptake back into presynaptic neuron
53
How do muscarinic receptors respond to ACh?
Target tissues in PNS Constricts pupils, decreases HR, constricts bronchi, increases GI motility and secretions
54
What receptors does NE bind to?
Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Beta 1 Beta 2
55
Alpha 1 receptor binding
Constricts arterioles, dilates pupils
56
Alpha 2 receptor binding
Decreases tone of SNS
57
Beta 1 receptor binding
Increases HR and force of contraction of heart
58
Beta 2 Receptor binding
Dilates bronchi, dilates arterioles to skeletal muscles
59
Drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system receptors are called
sympathomimetics or adrenergic agonists. They produce classic symptoms of the fight or flight response
60
Inhibition of the SNS drugs are called
Adrenergic blockers opposte to adrenergics
61
Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system
These drugs are called cholinergics, Parasympathomimetics or muscarinic agonists. They produce the characteristic symptoms of the rest-and-digest response Mimic effect of ACh
62
Inhibition of the PNS drugs are called
anticholinergics parasympatholytics or muscarinic blockers. They produce actions opposite to cholinergics.
63
Parasympoathomimetics AKA
Cholinergic agonists
63
Acetycholine NT
Stimulates or activates the next nerve cell as impulses move along a nerve from neuron to neuron or at the neural muscular junction stimulating muscle stimulation
64
Uses for cholenergics
Promotion of bladder motility Promotion of GI motility Treatment of glaucoma
65
Where are Beta 1 and 2 Receptors Located?
Beta1-adrenergic receptors—located primarily in the heart Beta2-adrenergic receptors—located in smooth muscle of the bronchioles, arterioles, and visceral organs
66

NURS200 (30 decks)

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