nucleotides are bonded together to create what
nucleic acids DNA and RNA
how many components do nucleotides have?
three
- phosphate
- sugar
- nitrogenous base
what sugar does DNA have
deoxyribose
what sugar does RNA have
ribose
what are the purines?
adenine and guanine
what are they pyrimidines
uracil (RNA), thymine (DNA) and cytosine
what synthesizes nucleic acid
ribose
what is it called when a phosphate group is removed
nucleoside
dna structure
double stranded alpha helix
2 strands run antiparallel
dna bonds where nucleotides are within one strand
phosphodiester bond (strong)
dna bond where there are base pairs between complimentary strands
hydrogen bonds (weak)
adenine pairs with what in dna
thymine
guanine pairs with what in dna
cytosine
what enzyme is in dna
Dnase
degradation products of pyrimidines
beta alanine
degradation of purines
uric acid
degradation of amino
urea
when pyrimidine is attached to the first ribose 5 phosphate
orotate
increased uric acid leads to inflammation and arthritis of bone is called
gout
how is ribose activated
ribose 5 phosphate + ATP = PRPP + AMP
where does replication and transcription happen
5’-3’
dna replication aka
synthesis, “s” phase
where dna replication occurs
nucleus
dna doubling is
46 chromosomes –> 92 chromosomes
what is the enzyme that unwinds dna strands
topoisomerase (helicase)
enzyme that makes new dna from parent dna strand that acts as a template
dna polymerase
what does mitosis do
split 92 chromosomes into two 46 chromosome daughter dna
location of transcription
nucleolus
what is the specificity of transcription
only segment of dna with specific region to be transcribe unwineds
enzyme in transcription
rna polymerase
what does rna polymerase do
binds to promoter site, make rna primer strand from dna template
how many bases at a time is dna template read and what is it called
3 bases at a time
code
process of termination sequence in transcription
polymerase and rna primer strand fall off dna
rewinds itself
where does rna leave and go to
nucleus to the cytoplasm
what are the rna properties
messenger rna
ribosomal rna
transfer rna
what does mrna do
holds info to determine aa sequence
what does rrna do
moves along mrna
what does trna do
jumps on and off rrna carrying aa with it
translation is what
protein synthesis
what does mrna do in translation
binds to ribosome before translation can occur
what are the codon in translation
3 bases of nucleotides in the mrna chain to code for aa
what is the anticodon in translation
trna
has 3 bases that is complementary to specific codon
what does adenine pair with in rna
uracil
guanine pairs with what in rna
cytosine and rna
what do trna anticodons bind to
mrna codon
brings aa to ribosome
what does aa on trna do
forms peptide bond with aa on the trna
what enzyme responsible for aa bond with trna
peptidyl transferase
trna does what in translation
goes to ribosome to get another aa
what attaches aa to trna
aminoacyl-trna synthase
what are the start codons
AUG
what are the 3 stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA