Indigenous healers
Historically treated unfairly because of colonialism and racism
Catholic nursing traditions
Dominated by white, religious women; restricted participation based on race and social class
Florence nightingale reform
Shifting nursing towards scientific methods, yet minted colonial perspectives
Colonial healthcare
Established segregated healthcare systems, particularly affecting indigenous peoples
Devolving healthcare
Focus on removing systematic barriers and improving access for all communities
Nursing history application
Use this historical context to inform culturally sensitive care practices and address ongoing health disparities