Nutrition Flashcards Preview

From Flashcardlet > Nutrition > Flashcards

Flashcards in Nutrition Deck (97)
Loading flashcards...
0
Q

Resting energy expenditure

A

Energy needed to consume over a 24 hr period for a body to maintain all it’s internal working activities while at rest.

1
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

Energy needed to maintain life sustaining activities.

2
Q

How many kcal is 1 gram go carbs?

A

4 kcal

3
Q

What are mono saccharides and disaccharides classified as and where are they found?

A

Simple carbohydrates found in sugars

4
Q

Simplest form of protein?

A

Amino acid

5
Q

Where do you get amino acid?

A

Diet

6
Q

What are albumin and insulin?

A

Simple proteins because they contain only amino acid.

7
Q

What combination produces a complex protein?

A

Simple protein with a non protein substance

8
Q

What kind of protein is best for growth and nitrogen balance?

A

Complex protein

9
Q

When is nitrogen balanced?

A

When intake and output are equal.

10
Q

What conditions would require more protein?

A

Infection, sepsis, burns, fever, starvation, head injury and trauma

11
Q

Most calorie dense food how many kcal/ g?

A

Fats 9 kcal /g

12
Q

What is chemical make up of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated; carbon in chain has two hydrogens

Unsaturated; unequal hydrogens attached to carbon w a dbl bond.

13
Q

How many bonds for mono saturated?

A

One

14
Q

Active transport?

A

Energy dependent, concentration moves from greater area of concentration to lesser, carrier is needed to move partials accross cell membrane .

15
Q

Passive transport?

A

Force where particles move from greater to lesser concentration. Does not need a carrier.

16
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through me brain to equalize concentrations.

17
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Engulfing of large molecules by absorbing cell

18
Q

Drug nutrient interactions, Analgesic ( actaminophen, aspirin) ?

A

Decreased drug absorption with food, overdose associated with liver failure

Absorbed directly through stomach; decreases drug absorption with food ; decreased frolic acid, vitamins c and k and iron absorption.

19
Q

Drug nutrient interaction Antacid (aluminum hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate).

A

Aluminum hydroxide: decreased phosphate absorption

Sodium bicarbonate: decreased frolic acid absorption.

20
Q

Drug nutrient interaction with Antiarrhythmic ( amiodarone, digtalis ).

A

Amiodarone: taste alteration

Digitalis: anorexia, decreased renal clearance in older person.

21
Q

Drug nutrient interactions with Antibiotic ( penicillins, cephalosporin, rafampin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole)

A

Penicillins; decreased drug absorption w food, taste alterations
Cephalosporin: decreased vitamin k
Rifampin: decreased vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin D
Tetracycline: decreased drug absorption w milk and antacids, decreased nutrient absorption of calcium, riboflavin, vitamin C , due to binding.
Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole: decreased frolic acid.

22
Q

Drug nutrient interaction for Anticoagulant (coumarin)

A

Acts as antagonist to vitamins k.

23
Q

Drug nutrient interaction for Anticonvulsant (carbamazepine, phenytoin)

A

Carbamazepine: increased drug absorption w food.

Phenytoin: decreased calcium absorption, decreased vitamins D, K, and frolic acid, taste alteration, decreased drug absorption w food.

24
Q

Drug nutrient interactions for Antidepressants (Amitrityline, Clomipramine, Fluoxetine).

A

Amitrityline: appetite stimulant
Clomipramine: taste alteration, appetite stimulant
Fluoxetine: taste alteration, anorexia

25
Q

Drug nutrient interactions for Antihypertensive (Captopril, Hydralazine, Labetalol, Methyldopa).

A

Captopril : taste alterations
Hydralazine: enhanced drug absorption w food, decreased vitamin B6
Labetalol: taste alteration ( weight gain for all beta blockers)
Methyldopa: decreased vitamin B 6 , frolic acid, iron

26
Q

Drug nutrient interactions with Antiinflammatory ( all steroids).

A

Increased appetite and weight, increased frolic acid, decreased calcium ( osteoporosis with long term use ), promotes gluconeogenesis of protein.

27
Q

Drug nutrient interaction for Antiparkins ( levodopa)

A

Levodopa : taste alteration, decreased vitamin B6 and drug absorption w food.

28
Q

Drug nutrient interaction with Antipsychotic ( chlorpromazine , thiorhixene)

A

Chlorpromazine: increased appetite
Thiorhixene: decreased riboflavin, increased need

29
Q

Drug nutrient interaction for Bronchodilator (albuterol sulfate, theophylline)

A

Albuterol sulfate: appetite stimulant

Theophylline: anorexia

30
Q

Drug nutrient interaction with Cholesterol lowering ( cholestyramine).

A

Cholestyramine: decreased fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K, vitamin B12, iron

31
Q

Drug nutrient interaction with Diuretic ( Furosemide, Spironolactone, Thiazides)

A

Furosemide: decreased drug absorption with food

Spironolactone: increased drug absorption with food

Thiazides : decreased magnesium, sink, potassium

32
Q

Drug nutrient interaction with laxative ( Mineral oil).

A

Mineral oil; decreased absorption of fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K and carotene.

33
Q

Drug nutrient interactions with platelet Aggregate Inhibitor ( Dipyridamole).

A

Dipyridamole; decreased drug absorption with food.

34
Q

Drug nutrient interaction with potassium Replacment ( Potassium chloride).

A

Potassium chloride; decreased vitamin B 12

35
Q

Drug nutrient interaction for Tranquilizer ( Benzodiazepine )

A

Increased appetite.

36
Q

Clients who are malnourished on admission are at greater risk for?

A

Arrhythmia, sepsis, or hemorrhage

37
Q

Lactose intolerance from high to low on ethnic groups.

A
Asian pacific
African
Native American
Mexican
Middle eastern
Whites
38
Q

Anthropometric

A

Measure system of size and makeup of body.

39
Q

How many ml per pound?

A

500 ml = 1 pound

40
Q

Why would frequent weights for a renal failure pt be important?

A

To know weather they are retaining fluid.

41
Q

Albumin level is a better indicator for what?

A

Chronic illnesses

42
Q

Per albumin leaves is best indicator for?

A

Acute conditions

43
Q

A positive nitrogen balance is necessary for?

A

Anabolism

44
Q

Dysphasia

A

Difficulty swallowing

45
Q

What can dysphasia lead to?

A

Malnutrition

46
Q

TPN

A

Total parent earl nutrition

47
Q

What are things you can do to promote appetite in a sick client?

A

Keep environment free from odor
Provide oral hygiene to remove bad taste.
Maintain comfort

48
Q

What meds affect metabolism?

A

Insulin, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones

49
Q

What meds affect taste?

A

Antifungal agents

50
Q

Some psychotropic meds affect what?

A

Appetite
Cause nausea
Alter taste

51
Q

EN

A

Enter all nutrition

52
Q

How does enteral fed pt receive formula?

A

Nasogastric
Jejunal
Gastric tube

53
Q

What reason would someone receive a gastric feeding vs a jejunal?

A

If they have low risk of gastric reflux

54
Q

How can you verify placement of tube?

A

X ray

55
Q

What are the 4 types of formulas?

A

Polymeric, pt must be able to absorb whole nutrients

Modular formula, has to be added to other foods to be fully nutritious

Elemental formula, specifically nutritious to fit need of pt

56
Q

Tube feeding are typically started?

A

At full strength at slow rates

57
Q

If no sight of intolerance when do you increase rate?

A

Ever 8 to 12 hrs

58
Q

What does feed by tube help?

A

Reduce sepsis
Minimize hyper metabolic due to trauma,
Maintain structure and function

59
Q

Why does nasointestinal or jejunal tubes allow successful post pyloric feeding?

A

Because formula is placed directly into small intestines or jejunum
Or beyond the pyloric sphincter of stomach

60
Q

What does aspiration of formula into tracheobronchial lead to?

A

Necrotizing infection
Pneumonia
Potential abscess formation

61
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is an outcome from?

A

Pulmonary aspiration.

62
Q

What common conditions increase risk for aspiration w feed tube?

A
Coughing
Nastracheal suctioning
Artificial airway
Decreased level of consciousness
Lying flat
63
Q

How much to elevate head?

A

30 degree or higher

64
Q

Hoe often to measure GRV?

A

Every 4 to 6 hr for continuous feeders

Immediately before the feeding for intermittent feeders

65
Q

What recommendations are made for gastric residual volumes?

A

Stop feeding if aspiration occurs

Withhold feelings and reassess pt tolerance to feelings if GRV is over 200 ml for two successive measurements

Routinely eval pt for aspiration , reduce risk if GRV is over 200 ml

66
Q

Can’t eat food but can absorb nutrients, what kind of feeder?

A

Enteral tube

67
Q

Feeding tubes are inserted where?

A

Nose
Surgically
Endoscopic ally

68
Q

What kind of feeder for long term? What is considered long term?

A

Surgical or endoscopic ally placed tubes

Long term is more than 4 wks

69
Q

The measurement of PH of secretions withdrawn from feeder helps what?

A

Differentiate location of the tube.

70
Q

For measuring PH what must be done 1st?

A

Inject 30 ml of air into tube

71
Q

pH of gastric aspiration range?

A

1 and 4

72
Q

Pt who takes acid inhibitor med will have acid range?

A

4.0 after 4 hrs of fasting to 6.0 with continuous EN infusion

73
Q

Intestinal aspiration range PH?

A

7.8 to 8.0

74
Q

What blue dye for formula?

A

Assists detection of aspiration in lung

75
Q

Is dye still used?

A

Nope so never mind the last flash card!

76
Q

Severely malnourished feeder pt are at risk for ?

A

Electrolyte disturbances from reseeding syndrome

77
Q

PN

A

Par enteral nutrition for pt unable to absorb enteral nutrients

78
Q

Pt who suffer from sepsis, head injury or burns get what kind of feeder?

A

PN therapy

79
Q

What provides supplement kilocalories and prevents fatty acid deficiencies?

A

Lipid emulsions

80
Q

Addition of lipid emulsion to PN is called?

A

3 in 1

81
Q

What to do if you see lipid emulsion in oil droplets ?

A

Do not use

82
Q

What is a puncture insult to the pulmonary system? What results from it?

A

Pneumothorax

Results in accumulation of air in pleural cavity, collapsed lung, impaired breathing

83
Q

When does pneumothorax most often occur?

A

During CVC placement

84
Q

Hat helps prevent air embolus?

A

Pt holding breath while bearing down (vassal a maneuver)

85
Q

Client suffers fever, chills, glucose intolerance. What do you suspect?

A

Catheter sepsis

86
Q

How often do you change TPN infusing tubing?

A

Every 24 hrs

87
Q

Limit for lipid hang time?

A

No more than 12 hr

88
Q

What’s refeeding syndrome?

A

In malnourished pt resulting low serum levels of electrolytes and edema caused cardiac days rhythmical,congestive heart failure, respiratory distress, convulsions, coma or death

89
Q

Should nurse increase rate if infusion falls behind schedule?

A

No it can result in osmosis dieresis and dehydration

90
Q

What is goal of PN feeding future?

A

To move to EN feeding to oral feeding

91
Q

When is PN discontinued?

A

When 75%of needs are being met by reliable dietary intake.

92
Q

Medical nutrition therapy MNT

A

Use of specific nutrition therapies to treat an illness, injury or condition.

93
Q

What are the 10 problems that can occur for enteral tube feeding?

A
  1. Pulmonary aspiration
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Constipation
  4. Tube occlusion
  5. Tube displacement
  6. Abdominal cramping, nausea/vomiting
  7. Delayed gastric emptying
  8. Serum electrolyte imbalance
  9. Fluid overload
  10. Hyperosmolar dehydration
94
Q

What is intervention of hyperosmolar dehydration?

A

Slow rate of delivery, dilute, or change to isotonic formula

95
Q

What is intervention for, restrict fluids if necessary, and use either a specialized formula or a diluted enteral formula at first?

A

Fluid overload

96
Q

What are 5 problems with par enteral nutrition?

A
  1. Electrolyte imbalance
  2. Hypercapnia
  3. Hypoglycemia
  4. Hyperglycemia
  5. Hyperglycemia hyperosmolar nonketotic dehydration/coma