Nutrition in Young Children Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Nutrition in Young Children Deck (30)
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1
Q

most rapid period of growth

A
  • infancy, peak growth rate is in 1st year
  • weight triples
  • length increases by 50%
2
Q

differences in body composition changes between males and females during adolescence

A
  • for females: % body fat increases

- for males: % lean muscle mass increases

3
Q

result of iron deficiency during infancy

A
  • impair cognitive development and delay speech
4
Q

based on BMI percentiles, children are overweight if

A
  • BMI > 85th percentile and < 95th percentile
5
Q

based on BMI percentiles, children are obese if

A
  • BMI > 95th percentile
6
Q

height and weight in failure to thrive

A
  • the rate of weight gain usually slows first, decrease gains in length/height occur later
  • any drop or flattening of the weight or length/height curve warrants thorough investigation
7
Q

brain growth

A
  • rapid, linear growth and development occurs during the first year of life
  • brain and peripheral nervous tissues are especially sensitive to nutrient deficiencies
8
Q

critical nutrients for brain growth

A
  • docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
  • choline
  • taurine
  • folate
  • iron
9
Q

result of excess folate from dietary supplements

A
  • may worsen a vitamin B12 deficiency
10
Q

most common nutrient deficiency

A
  • iron

- can result in delayed speech, impaired growth, delayed cognitive development and anemia

11
Q

introducing solid foods

A
  • infant usually reaches this stage around 6 months
  • look for cues of readiness when an infant doubles their birth weight AND weighs at least 6kg (13 pounds)
  • cues of readiness include: disappearance of extrusion reflex, hand-to-mouth movements, ability to sit with support, drinks from a cup, displays a chewing motion, reaches for foods
12
Q

transition to a mixed diet

A
  • introduce iron-fortified cereals first
  • then strained fruits and vegetables
  • then strained meats and dairy products gradually increasing textures at each stage
13
Q

risk of completely liquid diet beyond 6 months

A
  • increase the risk of iron and zinc deficiencies
14
Q

gold standard for treating diarrhea in children

A
  • oral rehydration therapy (ORT): solutions specifically designed to utilize the SGLT-1 transporter to replace fluid and electrolytes rapdly
15
Q

oral rehydration solution should contain

A
  • 75 mg/L sodium
  • 13 mg/L carbohydrates
  • osmolarity of 245 mOsm/L
16
Q

two processes that can generate non-essential AA

A
  • transamination and amination
17
Q

vitamin B6: pyridoxine deficiency

A
  • severe deficiency slows growth and damages cerebral and peripheral neurons
18
Q

marasmus

A
  • lack of protein and lack of overall caloric intake

- emaciated appearance, apathy, lower body temperature

19
Q

Kwashiorkor

A
  • caloric intake is adequate but protein intake is lacking

- distended abdomen, edematous limbs

20
Q

defective enzyme in PKU

A
  • phenylalanine hydroxylase
21
Q

symptoms of PKU

A
  • accumulation of toxic metabolites in brain and other tissues with excretion in urine
  • severe, irreversible dementia if the condition is not treated immediately after birth by reducing the intake of phenylalanine
22
Q

defective enzyme in homocysteinemia

A
  • cystathionine beta-synthase
23
Q

symptoms of homocysteinemia

A
  • developmental eye abnormalities
  • mental retardation
  • thrombosis
  • CV disease
  • osteoporosis
24
Q

defective enzyme in maple syrup urine disesae

A
  • branched-chain alpha-keto acid deyhdrogenase complex

- cannot catabolize valine, isoleucine, or leucine

25
Q

symptoms of maple syrup urine disease

A
  • severe mental retardation and other defects unless they receive a special diet with a reduced content of these amino acids
26
Q

factors determining the quality of protein

A
  • AA composition
  • ability to sustain growth
  • effect on nitrogen retention
  • presence of anti-nutritive factors
27
Q

symptoms of iron deficiency

A
  • microcytic anemia
  • increased cancer risk
  • delayed growth and brain development
  • altered hair and nail texture
  • impaired immune function
28
Q

symptoms of copper deficiency

A
  • impairs brain function
  • vascular and bone integrity
  • metabolic control
29
Q

zinc deficiency

A
  • growth retardation
  • delayed wound healing
  • immune dysfunction
  • skin lesions
  • general malnutrition
  • anemia
  • cognitive development
  • delayed sexual maturation
  • hypogonadism
  • impaired taste
  • decreased appetite
30
Q

vitamin A deficiency

A
  • visual impairment
  • loss of appetite
  • susceptibility to infections