nutritional pathology 2

Question 1

where are most vitamins from

Answer 1

exogenous sources

Question 2

what are minerals needed in large amounts

Answer 2

NA, K, CA, P

Question 3

trace minerals

Answer 3

Fe, Cu, Fl, I, Co

Question 4

where vit D from

Answer 4

fish liver, some plants, 80% from sun

Question 5

3 ways 1,25 vit D is regulated

Answer 5

1. PTH activates
2. hypophosphatemia activates
3. elevated level downregulate

Question 6

vit D function (4)

Answer 6

1. stim intestinal absorbtion of CA and P
2. acts with PTH to mobilize Ca from bones
3. stims PTH dep. Ca absorbtion in renal tubules
4. normal mineralization of bone

Question 7

vit D def. in kids

Answer 7

rickets - inadequate ossification of epiphyseal cartelage

Question 8

where is rickets seen

Answer 8

esp. in long bone and spine

Question 9

vit D def. in adults

Answer 9

osteomalacia - excess of unmineralized bone

- normal bone contour, but weak

Question 10

what is thiamine (B1) source

Answer 10

widely in diet, but not polished

Question 11

function of B1 (2)

Answer 11

1. syn of ATP

2. maintain neural membranes and normal nerve conduction

Question 12

3 causes of B1 def

Answer 12

1. alcoholism
2. diet
3. excess vomiting and dia

Question 13

what is important about B1 and glucose

Answer 13

sublinical levels can become worse on glucose therapy

Question 14

3 manifestations of thiamine and name

Answer 14

1. peripheal nerve (dry beriberi) - neuropathy
2. heart (wet beri beri)
3. CNS - wernike-korsakoff syndrome

Question 15

def. dry beriberi

Answer 15

1. symmetric polyneuropathy in legs and then arms

Question 16

probs of wet beriberi

Answer 16

CV syndrome with

1. peripheral vasodilation
2. rapid AV shunt
3. high output failure- pumps too fast

Question 17

B12 sources

Answer 17

animal protein, meat, eggs

Question 18

what does intrinsic factor do

Answer 18

1. secreted by parietal cells
2. binds to B12 in duodenum
3. complex of IF-B12 is taken to ileum and endocytoses
4. IF pulled off and taken back to stomach

Question 19

causes of B12 def.

Answer 19

1. IF deficiency - pernicious anemia

2. malabsorbtion syndromes

Question 20

2 probs with B12 def.

Answer 20

1. megaloblastic anemia

2. neuro complications

Question 21

way to be Fe def.

Answer 21

blood loss, low absorbtion, increased requirment

Question 22

way to get too much Fe

Answer 22

1. primary hereditary hemochromatosis

2. secondary hemochromatosis - iron overload, transfusions, liver disease

Question 23

what is herditary hemochromatosis

Answer 23

1. more common in men

2. mucosal absorbtion too high

Question 24

4 manifestations of hemochromatosis

Answer 24

1. liver: heptomegaly, fibrosis and cirrosis
2. pancreas: fibrosis and diabetes
3. skin - goes grey/bronze
4. other - heart failure, arrhytmia

Question 25

treatment of hemochrom

Answer 25

phlebotomy

Question 26

Vit A and cancer

Answer 26

may actually make lung cancer worse

Question 27

vit D ancd cancer

Answer 27

inverse relat. between vit D and CA