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Abdo > Oesophagus > Flashcards

Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

what is the oesophagus?

A

a fibromuscular tube, about 25cm in length

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2
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus?

A

transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

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3
Q

where does the oesophagus originate from?

A

inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6 vertebrae)

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4
Q

where does the oesophagus extend to?

A

to the cardiac orifice of the stomach (T11)

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5
Q

what can the oesophagus be divided into anatomically?

A

thoracic and abdominal parts

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6
Q

what does oesophagus contain which helps contribute to its function?

A

upper and lower oesophageal sphincter

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7
Q

what is the oesophagus continuous with?

A

the laryngeal part of the pharynx

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8
Q

where does the oesophagus descend down into?

A

superior mediastinum of the thorax

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9
Q

where is the oesophagus situated as it descends down into the superior mediastinum of the thorax?

A

between trachea and the vertebral bodies T1-T4

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10
Q

what happens after the oesophagus has descended down pass T1-T4?

A

enters the abdomen by piercing the muscular right crus of the diaphragm, through the oesophageal hiatus

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11
Q

where is the oesophageal hiatus and what is it?

A

a hole in the diaphragm at the T10 level

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12
Q

what does the phrenicoesophageal ligament connect?

A

connects oesophagus to border of the oesophageal hiatus

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13
Q

what does the phrenicoesophageal ligament permit?

A

independent movement of the oesophagus and diaphragm during respiration and swollowing

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14
Q

how long is the abdominal part of the oesphagus

A

approximately 2cm long

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15
Q

where does the abdominal part of oesophagus terminate?

A

by joining the cardiac orifice of the stomach at level of T11

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16
Q

what are the muscular layers contained within the oesophagus?

A

internal circular

external longitudinal

17
Q

what is the external longitudinal layer comprised of?

A

different muscle types in each 1/3 of the oesophagus

18
Q

what are the muscles in the different 1/3s of the oesophagus?

A

superior: voluntary straited
middle: voluntary straited and smooth muscle
inferior: smooth muscle

19
Q

what transports food through the oesophagus?

A

peristalsis

20
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

a rhythmic contraction of the muscles, which propagates down the oesophagus

21
Q

what does hardening of the muscular layers interfere with? result?

A

interfere with peristalsis and cause dysphagia

22
Q

what is dysphagia?

A

difficulty in swallowing

23
Q

what do the upper and lower oesophageal sphincters act to prevent?

A

prevent the entry of air and the reflux of gastric contents respectively

24
Q

where is the upper oesophageal sphincter located and the type of muscle??

A

anatomical, straited muscle sphincter at the junction between the pharynx and oesophagus

25
Q

what is the upper oesophageal sphincter made of?

A

produced by the cricopharyngeus muscle

26
Q

normally, what does the upper oesophageal sphincter prevent? how?

A

upper oesophageal sphincter constricted to prevent the entrance of air into the oesophagus

27
Q

what is the lower oesophageal sphincter and where is it located?

A

a physiological sphincter located in the gastro-oesophageal junction

28
Q

what is the gastro-oesophageal junction?

A

junction between the stomach and oesophagus

29
Q

where is the gastro-oesophageal junction

A

situated to the left of the T11 vertebrae

30
Q

what is the gastro-oesophageal junction marked by?

A

the change from from oesophageal to gastric mucosa

31
Q

why is the lower oesophageal sphincter classified as a physiological (or functional) sphincter?

A

it doesn’t have any specific sphincteric muscle

32
Q

how does the lower oesophageal sphincter function?

A

a number of forces act

33
Q

how does the oesophagus enter the stomach?

A

at an acute angle

34
Q

when are walls of intra-abdominal section of the oesophagus compressed?

A

when there is a positive intra-abdominal pressure

35
Q

why are the folds of mucosa present?

A

folds of mucosa present aid in occluding the lumen at the gastro-oesophageal junction

36
Q

what is the function of the right crus of the diaphragm?

A

a ‘pinch-cock’ effect

37
Q

what happens during oesophageal peristalsis?

A

the sphincter is relaxed to allow food to enter the stomach

38
Q

what is the function of the sphincter at rest?

A

prevent the reflux of acidic gastric contents into the oesophagus

Abdo (50 decks)

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