Oncology 5

Question 1

What are the steps of apoptosis?

Answer 1

• cellular membranes disrupted, cytoplasmic and nuclear skeletons broken down
• cytosol is extruded
• chromosomes degraded, nucleus fragmented
• shriveled cell corpse engulfed by macrophages

Question 2

How long does it take for the cell to disappear after apoptosis?

Answer 2

24 hours

Question 3

What are the two components of apoptosis?

Answer 3

• sensors

- effectors

Question 4

apoptosis: sensors

Answer 4

Internal sensors of DNA damage or abnormality stimulate the release of effector agents

Question 5

apoptosis: effectors

Answer 5

• Stimulated by abnormality sensors

- Mitochondria release chemicals to trigger apoptosis

Question 6

What does “sustained angiogenesis” mean?

Answer 6

• has a self-building vascular supply

- commands blood to come to them

Question 7

What happens to cells when they are a certain distance from a source of oxygen and nutrients?

Answer 7

stop growing

Question 8

What do cancer cells use to signal growth of new blood vessels and sustain growth?

Answer 8

VEGF

Question 9

VEGF =

Answer 9

vascular endothelial growth factor

Question 10

Vessel anatomy: What is different about the normal vasculature and tumor vasculature?

Answer 10

• normal is highly organized

- tumor is highly disorganized with abnormal architecture

Question 11

What are some of the characteristics of tumor vasculature?

Answer 11

• tortuous
• dilated
• uneven diameter
• excessive branching and shunts
• highly permeable

Question 12

Which characteristic of tumor vasculature promotes metastasis?

Answer 12

high permeability

Question 13

How do chemotherapy agents target angiogenesis?

Answer 13

• blocking VEGF receptors
• interfering with tyrosine kinase
• interfering with intracellular activator pathways

Question 14

What do the drugs that end in -MAB do?

Answer 14

starve the tumor of nutrients

Question 15

What do drugs that end in NIB do?

Answer 15

prevent cell from dividing and growing

Question 16

What ARE drugs that end in MAB?

Answer 16

monoclonal antibodies

Question 17

What do drugs that end in -MAB target?

Answer 17

protein receptors on the cell

Question 18

What do the drugs that end in -NIB do to prevent the cell from dividing and growing?

Answer 18

block messenger activity of tyrosine kinase, part of the signaling process within the cell