Order to follow within organ description?
- Size
- Surface
- Color
- Consistency
- Inner contents
- Special structure
Order to follow in organ complexes?
- Circulation
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Urinary tract
- Others (genital, endocrine…)
Weight of normal heart?
300- 350g.
How to describe the pericardium?
Smooth, shiny, glistening.
Description of right atrium (5)…
- Diameter 29- 45 mm.
- It is free
- Inner surface is smooth
- Formalen ovale i closed
- Auricle is free
Circumference of tricuspid valve?
130 mm.
Description of the cusps…
- Thin
- Membranous
- Freely movable
Description of right ventricle (4)…
- Diameter 26 mm.
- Lumen is free
- Inner surface is smooth
- Thickness of myocardium 3-5 mm.
Chordae tendinae are…
…thin, thread- like.
Thickness of right ventricular myometrium?
3- 5 mm.
Pulmonary valve (2)
- Circumference of pulmonary valve 80 mm.
- Cusps are:
thin
membranous
freely movable
Pulmonary trunk (3)
- Diameter 15- 21 mm.
- Lumen is free
- Inner surface: IVORY
Description of left atrium (4)…
- Diameter 27- 38 mm.
- It is free
- Inner surface is smooth
- Auricle is free
Diameter of biscuspid valve?
105 mm.
Papillary muscles are…
Cylindrical
Description of left ventricle (4)…
- Diameter 39- 53 mm.
- Lumen is free
- Inner surface is smooth
- Thickness left myocardium: 10- 14 mm.
Thickness of left myocardium?
10- 14 mm.
Circumference of aortic valve?
65 mm.
Aorta (2)
- Diameter 25 mm.
- Inner surface is IVORY
Circumflex (CX)-, Anterior descending (LAD), and Right coronary (RCA) artery (3)…
- Diameter 3-6 mm.
- Lumen is free
- Inner surface is IVORY
- Color of cut surface of myocardium?
- Consistency?
- Reddish brown
- Rubbery and muscle structure is preserved.
Adipose infiltration (heart)
Increased amount of pericardial fat, which penetrates deeply between the muscle strands. (Usually seen in the anterior wall of right ventricle).
Hypoxic parenchymal degeneration (heart)
- Muscle is light brown.
- Muscle structure is indistinct
- Consistency is flaccid
Atherosclerosis (aorta, coronaries)
Best described by:
- Mentioning how many there are, “ numerous, few” and their size e.g. 1- 5 mm sized.
- Color: yellowish/ butter yellow
- Consistency: Firm/ calcified/ ulcerated plaques (with thrombosis on/ hemorrhage in the plaques)
…on the inner surface.
Myocardial infarction, ACUTE
more than 24h old.
On the cut surface of… (name area e.g. ant.wall) of myocardium there is…
- Size (subendocardial/ transmural/ asymmetrical/ map-like).
- Color: Clay- yellow/ reddish area with hemorrhagic edges.
Optional: Grayish, easily removable material on the pericardium of this area (acute fibrinous pericarditis). I
Myocarial infarction, OLD
On the cut surface of… (name area e.g. ant.wall) of myocardium there is…
- Size
- Color: Whitish scar tissue.
Optional: The lumen is dilated, the wall is thin (aneurysm).
Acute endocarditis, INFECTIVE
Large, smooth, grayish- yellowish thrombi on the valves (= vegetation). Valve destruction is common.
Acute endocarditis, NON- INFECTIVE
Small, grayish thormbi on the egde of the valves (= sterile vegetation). No valve destruction.
Chronic endocarditis (rheumatic)
the….(name which valves)… are thickened, destruated, calcified, not movable.
The valve is stenotic.
Weight of right and left lung together?
700 g.
Description of pleura?
Smooth, shiny and glistening.
Color of cut surface of the lung?
Red
Consistency of the lung?
Elastic. Air bubbles can be felt.
Pressing the cut surface of the lung results in?
Small amout of deep red bubbly/ frothy fluid.
Further description of the lungs:
- Arteries
- Bronchi
Arteries:
- Diameter normal (må finne ut)
- Lumen is free
- Inner surface is IVORY
Bronchi:
- Diameter is normal (= the lumen of a single bronchus is detectable NOT MORE than 2/3 of the hilus- pleura distance.
- Lumen is free
- Mucosa is GRAYISH- WHITE/ PALE.
Atelectasis (lung)
- Size of area of lung that is/ are collapsed
- Consistency: Muscle like
Edema (lung)
- Lungs are heavy
- Consistency is firm, elastic
- Large amount of bubbly/ frothy fluid can be pressed out on cut surface
Emphysema (lung)
- Parenchyma is light red
- Consistency is soft
Optional: there are … number…cm sized air filled bullae in the periphery of the lobe (bullous emphysema).
Lung infarcation
- There is a WEDGE- shaped, SUBPLEURAL…cm sized firm, DEEP RED area on the cut surface.
- There is a GRAYISH- WHITE, easily removable layer on the pleural side on the pleural side of the infarction.
Lobar pneumonia
the. ..(name the lobe)…is
- Homogenously GRAYISH- RED
- Consistency is that of the liver
- Parenchyma i friable/ fragile.
Bronchopneumonia
the. ..(name the area)…of the lung is:
- DEEP RED with YELLOW FOCI (= pus)
- Parenchyma is friable/ fragile
- Pus can be pressed out of the cut surface
Lung abscess
there is a…cm ROUNDISH cavity in the parenchyma, partly filled with THICK, YELLOWISH pus.
Primary lung tumour, CENTRAL
- Asymmetrical infiltrating
- Grayish- white
- Firm tissue
…in connection with one of the main bronchi.
Primary lung tumour, PERIPHERAL
- Asymmetrical infiltrating
- GRAYISH- WHITE
- Firm, foreign tissue
- Pleural surface is retracted
…in the periphery of the lung.
No visible connection with any bronchi.
Metastatic lung cancer
There are multiple…to…cm ROUNDISH, GRAYISH- WHITE foreign tissue nodules in the parenchyma.
Acute purulent bronchitis
- Mucosa is bright red
- Lumen contains a large amount of mucinous- purulent secretion
Bronchiectasis
- Lumen is dilated
- Bronchi can be dissected up until the pleura
Pulmonarsclerosis
On the inner surface of the arteries there are … number, … mm sized YELLOWISH plaques.
Pulmonary embolism
- Lumen of primary/ secondary/ tertiary artery is occluded by:
- Grayish- reddish embolus
- w. rubbery consistency
- and dull surface
Weight of the normal spleen?
150 g.
Surface of the spleen?
Smooth, shiny and glistening.
Description of the capsule of the spleen?
Thin and wrinkled.
Cut surface of the spleen (2)..
- Deep red
- No/ minimal amount of scrape- off.
Consistency of the spleen?
“Normal”
Hyaline spleen (Chronic perisplenitis)
Thick, confluent plaques which thicken the capsule.
Acute congestion of Spleen
- Slightly enlarged spleen
- Capsule is tight, not wrinkable
- Moderate scrape- off
Chronic congestion of Spleen
- Spleen is enlarged
- Parenchyma is firm, fibrotic
- No scrape- off
Uremia, brain hemorrhage and autolysis (spleen)
- Size of the spleen is NORMAL
- Parenchyma is soft
- Large amount of scrape- off
Sepsis (spleen)
- Spleen is ENLARGED
- Parenchyma is soft
- Large amount of
scrape- off
Lymphoma/ leukemia infiltration (spleen)
- Spleen is GREATLY ENLARGED
Optional: There are multiple 0,5- 1 mm, white nodules diffusley in the parenchyma
Weight of both kidneys?
300 g.
Fibrous capusle of kidney is…
Easily removed.
Surface of the kidney is?
Smooth. Bears signs of fetal lobulation.
Cut surface of the kidney (4)?
- Reddish- brown
- Border btw cortex and medulla is sharp
- Medulla is preserved
- Thickness of cortex is 5- 10 mm.
Thickness of cortex of kidney?
5- 10 mm.
Description of calyxes and pyelon.
- Free
- Normal in diameter
- Mucosa is PALE
Ureters are…(3)
- Free
- Normal in diameter
- Mucosa is PALE
Congestion KIDNEY
- Stellate veins are visible on the surface
- Parenchyma is DEEP RED
Kidney stone
There are … number… cm coral-shaped stones filling the calyces.
At that area the mucosa is:
- Thickened
- Porcelain white/bright red
Anemic infarction, ACUTE (kidney)
On the cut surface there is a:
- Wedge shaped clay-yellow area
- With deep red/ hemorrhagic border
Anemic infarction, OLD (kidney)
- There are one/ few/ multiple deep, stellar
shaped indentations on the surface - Parenchyma is thin, replaced by scar tissue
Nephrosclerosis
(consequence of either chronic vascular or glomerular disorder):
- Surface is granulated
- Few small/ 1-2 mm thin walled cysts filled with yellowish, clear
fluid. - Cortex is uneven in thickness, generally thin.
Acute pyelonephritis
- Parenchyma is deep red
- Cortex- medulla border is
undefined - Multiple small yellowish patches (=microabscesses)
Chronic pyelonephritis
- There are numerous flat, roundish/ asymmetrical
indentations on the surface. - In the corresponding calyx the mucosa is thickened,
porcelain white - The parenchyma is thin, replaced by scar tissue.
Shock kidney
- The surface is pale
- Cortex is pale (widened)
- Medulla is deep red.
Primary tumour (kidney) - Clear cell carcinoma
There is a … cm large, round, well
circumscribed, yellowish tissue with necrotic / hemorrhagic areas.
Weight of brain?
1200- 1250 g.
Description of brain (4)
- Meninges are translucid
- Gyra and sulci are normal
- Brain tissue is soft
- Structure is preserved
Brain arteries (2)
- Arteries have a membranous wall
- Lumen is free
Thickness of cortex on cut surface?
5 mm.
Hemispheres are…
Symmetrical
Description of ventricles (brain) (2)
- Normal in diameter
- Filled with water: clear cerebrospinal fluid.
Brain edema
- Meningens are:
- Edematous
- Hyperemic
- Gyra are:
- Flattened
- Wide
- Sulci are:
- Narrow
- Shallow
- Blood spots disspipate.
- Soft consistency
- Significant impression on cerebellar tinsillae (= cerebellar herniation)
Emolition/ infarct, ACUTE (brain)
- There is a …cm irregular area, where the tissue is semifluid/ very soft
- Hemispheres are assymetrical
- There is a hemorrhage on the edge of the lesion
Emolition/ infarct, OLD (brain)
There is a …cm roundish, cystic cavity, filled with soft, yellowish mass/ transparent fluid in the …(name the area).
Brain hemorrhage, PARENCHYMATOUS
There is a … cm roundish area in the central
region that is filled with coagulated blood. (The blood continues in the ventricles.)
Brain hemorrhage, SUBARACHNOIDAL
There is superficial bleeding on the basal area of the cerebellum- ponscerebrum,
covered by pia mater.
Brain hemorrhage, EPIURAL
There is …. cm hematoma between the
skull and the dura mater.
Brain hemorhage, SUBDURAL
There is …. cm hematoma between the dura mater
and the pia mater.
Primary brain tumor
- There is a …large poorly circumscribed soft grayish-yellowish mass in the white substance of the cerebrum.
- Hemispheres are asymmetrical.
Metastatic brain tumor
There are multiple well circumscribed nodules in the
cerebrum/cerebellum.
Meningioma (benign tumor of the meninges)
- There is a … cm firm, grayish- white
nodule in connection with the meninges/dura in the … region, which causes an
impression in the underlying brain tissue. - On cut surface it is made up of whorly
strands of GRAYISH- WHITE tissue.
Description of Small intestines (6)
- Diameter 2,5- 3 cm.
- Normal intestinal content in the lumen
- Wall is normal in thickness
- Rugae are preserved
- Mucosa is PALE
- Serousa is SMOOTH, SHINY and GLISTENING
Description of Large intestines (5)
- Diameter 6- 7 cm.
- Lumen contains lumps of feces
- Rugae are preserved
- Mucosa is PALE
- Serosa is SMOOTH, SHINY and GLISTENING.
Appendix (2)
- Size: how long is it?
- Structure preserved
Meckel devirticulum
There is a … cm pouch in the ileum, covered by shiny serosa.
Diverticulosis
There are multiple small mucosal pouches containing impacted faeces in the (sigmoid) colon.
Acute appendicitis
The serosa of the appendix is hyperemic/ bright red.
(There is a perforation on the appendix; an easily removable, thin grayish layer/pus/coagulated
blood covers the serosa).
Sessile polyp
There is a … cm roundish (villous), grayish-brown outgrowth of the mucosa.
Pedunculated polyp
There is a…cm roundish (villous), GRAYISH- BROWN outgrowth of the mucosa.
Ulcerative colitis
- Lumen is dilated
- Mucosa has large, shallow, ulcerated areas.
- There are polypoid mucosal outgrowths on the edges of the ulcers (pseudo polyps).
Chron’s disease
- Lumen is narrow
- Wall is thickened, fibrotic
- Mucosa is hyperemic, deep longitudinal fissures result in a cobblestone appearance.
(There are fistulas connecting to intrabdonminal abscesses and/ or other intestinal loops).
Colorectal carcinoma
- On mucosa there is an exulcerated/ polypoid (cauliflower- like)…cm long segment that has raised egdes
- Cause no/ partial/ complete obsrtuction of the wall of the lumen.
- Cut surgace: GRAYISH- WHITE tissue infiltrating the wall of the bowel
- It involves/ does not involve the serosal and the perirectal/ pericolic fat tissue.
Part of the neck complex (5)
- Aorta and branches
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Thyriod gland
Aorta, Neck complex (3)
- Diameter 2,5 cm.
- Lumen is free
- Inner surface is IVORY
Carotids, Neck complex (4)
- Diameter 6,1- 6,5 mm.
- Lumen is free
- Inner surface is IVORY
- Bifurcation is free
Larynx, Neck complex (3)
- DIameter 41- 43 mm.
- Lumen is free
- Vocal cords are normal
Trachea, Neck complex (3)
- Diameter: Inner 12- 18 mm.
Outer 21- 27 mm. - Trachea is free
- Mucosa is PALE
Esophagus, Neck complex (3)
- Diameter 1- 2 cm.
- Lumen is free
- Muocsa is PALE
Thyroid, Neck complex (3)
- C:a 20 g.
- Cut surface is REDDISH- BROWN, glandular, has colliod shine
- Parathyriods are not visible
Alterations AORTA, CAROTIDS
- Atherosclerosis
- There are numerous…mm sized (confluent)
- Yellowish/ butter yellow, firm/calcified/ulcerated plaques (with thrombosis
on/hemorrhage in the plaques) on the inner surface.
(These cause a ..% narrowing of the lumen).
Alterations LARYNX
- Inflammation
Laringitis/tracheitis):
- Mucosa is red.
Optional: fibrinous/purulent
exsudation.
Alterations LARYNX
- Intubation decubitus
- There are… number deep ulcers penetrating to the level
of/destroying the cartilage. - The surrounding mucosa is hyperemic.
Alterations LARYNX
- Larynx primary tumor, PAPILLOMA
There is one/ multiple papillary … cm growth on
the mucosal surface.
Alterations LARYNX
- Larynx primary tumor, CARCINOMA
- there is a … cm exulcerated area with raised edges
in the area of (vocal cords, etc.) on the right/left side. - On cut surface firm, grayishwhite
tissue infiltrates the wall, involving/ not involving the cartilage underneath.
Alterations ESOPHAGUS
- Varicosity
At the lower third of the esophagus:
- dilated, tortuous veins are visible through the mucosa.
Optional: One of the veins has ruptured, this area is covered with blood clots.
Alterations ESOPHAGUS
- GERD (gastro- esophageal reflux disease)
There are confluent reddish patches on the
mucosa in the lower third of the esophagus.
Alterations THYROID
- Diffuse goiter
Both lobes are enlarged.
Alterations THYROID
- Nodular goiter
- Lobes are enlarged
- Consist of nodules of various size, separated by strands of connective tissue
- Nodules have a colliod shine. Some have calcified/ fibrotic/ hemorrhagic areas. Some are cystic (= colliod cyst).
Alterations THYROID
- Adenoma
Solitary, encapsulated nodule.
Alterations THYROID
- Carcinoma
- Poorly circumscribed- infiltrative
- Very hard
- Gray mass
Optional: small foci of calcification.
Parts of the liver complex (9)
- Aorta
- IVC
- Stomach
- Duodenum
- Bile ducts
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Adrenals
- Liver
Aorta (liver complex) (4)
- Diameter 2,5 cm.
- Lumen is free
- Inner surface is IVORY
- Orifices of larger branches are free
Inferior vena cava (liver complex) (4)
- Diameter 1,5- 2,5 cm.
- Lumen is free
- Inner surface is PEARLY
- Hepatic veins are free
Adrenals (liver complex)
- Combined c:a 10 g.
- 1- 2 mm. thick sulfur yellow- brownish cortex
- Gray medulla
Stomach (liver complex) (6)
- Diameter: when empty slightly larger than diameter of large intestines which measure 6- 7 cm.
- Wall is normal in thicknes
- Lumen contains small amount of partly digested food
- Rugae are preserved
- Mucosa is Pale
- Pylorus is normal in diameter ()
Duodenum (liver complex)
- Diameter 2,5 cm.
- Lumen is free
- Mucosa is pale
Bile ducts (liver complex) (3)
- Diameter
- Common hepatic duct < 6 mm.
- Common bike duct < 8 mm.
- Lumen is free
- Mucosa is yellowish- green
Gall bladder (liver complex) (4)
- Size:
- length: 7- 9 cm.
- width: 3- 4 cm.
- wall thickness: 2- 3 mm.
- Contains bile
- Mucosa is velvety
- Mucosa is bile colored
Pancreas (3)
- Size: length: 15 cm.
- Reddish- gray
- Glandular
Liver (4)
- 1500 g.
- Surface: Smooth, shiny, glistening
- Edge is sharp
- Cut surface: Reddish- brown, lobular
Alterations AORTA (liver cmplx)
- Atherosclerotic aneurysm, Saccular
The dilatation ia spherical in
shape and involve only a portion of the vessel wall.
Alterations AORTA (liver cmplx)
- Atherosclerotic aneurysm, Fusiform
The dilatation affect the
total circumference.
Optional: the layers of the wall are separated, coagulated blood
fills the space between them (dissected aneurysm)..
Alterations AORTA (liver cmplx)
- Leriche- syndrome
- Below the levels of the renal arteries multiple ulcerated plaques
cover the surface. - There is thrombus formation on the plaques, which completely
occludes/severely narrows the lumen of (the aorta) both iliacs.
Alterations AORTA (liver cmplx)
- Mural thormbosis (generally associated with aneurysm)
There is a layered/… cm
large thrombus attached to the inner surface.
Alterations IVC (liver cmplx)
- Budd- Chari syndrome
The lumens of the hepatic veins are occluded by thrombi.
Alterations ADRENAL GLANDS (liver cmplx)
- Cortical hyperplasia
The cortex of the adrenals is nodular/uniformly thickened.
Alterations ADRENAL GLANDS (liver cmplx)
- Adenoma
In the … adrenal there is a … cm, round, sulfur yellow nodule, that is in
connection with the cortex.
Alterations ADRENAL GLANDS (liver cmplx)
- Phaeochromocytoma
There is a … cm, soft, grayish brown tumor in connection with
the medulla.
Alterations ADRENAL GLANDS (liver cmplx)
- Metastasis
Necrotic, firm, grayish tumor mass, often destructs the whole gland.
Alterations STOMACH (liver cmplx)
- Erosion
On the mucosa there are multiple, small, shallow cavities, the base are
covered by partly digested (coffee-like) blood.
Alterations STOMACH (liver cmplx)
- Peptic ulcer, ACUTE
- There is a … cm big, roundish, deep cavity (generally in the
antrum-pylorus region). - The base of the ulcer is covered by digested blood (coffeelike).
Alterations STOMACH (liver cmplx)
- Peptic ulcer, CHRONIC
The base of the ulcer is lined by mucosa, the wall is fibrotic.
Alterations STOMACH (liver cmplx)
- Carcinoma, INTESTINAL TYPE
- On the mucosa there is a … cm asymmetrical ulcerated
area with raised edges/ asymmetrical polypoid outgrowth into the lumen.
Alterations STOMACH (liver cmplx)
- Carcinoma, DIFFUSE TYPE
- The wall is firm, thickened (=linitis plastica).
- On cut surface there is a grayish- white tissue involving the whole thickness of the wall.
- Sometimes no visible ulcer is present.
Alterations BILIARY TRACT (liver cmplx)
- Choledocholithiasis
- There is a … mm mixed / cholesterol/ pigment stone causing
total/ partial obstruction of the lumen. - The duct proximal to the obstruction is dilated.
Alterations BILIARY TRACT (liver cmplx)
- Cholecystolithiasis
There is a … mm mixed / cholesterol/ pigment stone in the lumen.
Alterations BILIARY TRACT (liver cmplx)
- Cholesterolosis
There is a golden yellow, filamentous pattern on the mucosa.
Alterations BILIARY TRACT (liver cmpx)
- Carcinoma
The wall of the gallbladder is thickened by grayish- white tissue, which
extends continually to the liver.
Alterations PANCREAS (liver cmplx)
- Acute pacreatitis
Pancreas is:
- Swollen
- Has many foci of chalk white material (fat
necrosis) .
Alterations PANCREAS (liver cmplx)
- Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
Pancreas is:
- Swollen
- Has many foci of chalk
white material (fat necrosis),
There are many confluent foci of hemorrhage in the
parenchyma.
Alterations PANCREAS (liver cmplx)
- Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreas is_
- Smaller
- Consistency is firm
- Yellowish- gray
Optional: pseudocyst: in the pancreas there are … cm round cavity filled with
yellowish fluid / necrotic material.
Alterations PANCREAS (liver cmplx)
- Carcinoma
. Poorly circumscribed/infiltrative
- Firm
- Grayish-white area in
the head/body/tail of the pancreas.
Alterations LIVER
- Chronic congestion
- Liiver is enlarged
- The edges are rounded,
- Cut surface has a nutmeg pattern.
Alterations LIVER
- Fatty degeneration
- Liver is enlarged
- The edges are rounded
- Cut surface is soft, yellow.
Alterations LIVER
- Cirrhosis
- Liver is small/ enlarged
- The surface is uneven.
- On the cut surface the
whole parenchyma consists of 2-3 mm (=micronodular) or 1-2 cm (=macronodular)
nodules. - Consistency is firm
- The cut surface is yellowish/ greenish.
Alterations LIVER
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
(generally in cirrhotic liver):
There is a large/ there are
many … cm:
- Light brown / greenish, partly hemorrhagic nodule in the parenchyma
- The edge is lobulated
- The consistency is soft.
Alterations LIVER
- Hepatic metastasis
There are … number … cm:
- Well-circumscribed, partly confluent
- Firm
- Grayish-white nodules (with necrotic center) in the parenchyma.
Parts of pelvic complex (6)
- Rectum
- Bladder
- Ureters
and additional if female:
- Uterus
- Fallopian tubes
- Ovaries
and addtional if male:
- Prostate
Rectum (3)
- Diameter
- upper part: 4 cm.
- lower part: dilated
- Lumen contains feces
- Mucosa is pale
Bladder (3)
- Size: holds 300- 350 mL urine
- Filled with clear, yellowish fluid
- Mucosa is pale
Ureters
- Diameter: 6 mm.
- Length: 25- 30 cm.
- Lumen is free
- Mucosa is pale
Vagina
- Diameter 2- 3,5 cm.
- Lumen is free
- Mucosa is grayish- white
Uterus (2)
- Size:
- length: 7,6 cm.
- width: 4,5 cm.
- thickness of wall: 3 cm.
- Surface of exocervix is smooth, pale
Shape of external orifice of cervical canal
Round/ fissure- like/ stellate shaped
Thickness of endometrium and myometrium
Endometrium
Myometrium
Consistency of the myometrium
Rubbery
Fallopian tubes are…
Thin
Ovaries
- Size 3x 2 x 1,5 cm.
- Cut surface: Yellowish- white, corpora lutie or albicantes can be seen
Prostate
- Size: 7- 16 g.
- Cut surface:
- Yellowish- white
- Glandular
- Consistency: Muscle-like
Alterations RECTUM
- Sessile polyp
There is a … cm roundish (villous), grayish-brown outgrowth of the
mucosa.
Alterations RECTUM
- Pedunculated polyp
There is a…cm roundish (villous), GRAYISH- BROWN outgrowth of the mucosa
Alterations RECTUM
- Colorectal carcinoma
- On mucosa there is an exulcerated/ polypoid (cauliflower- like)…cm long segment that has raised egdes
- Cause no/ partial/ complete obsrtuction of the wall of the lumen.
- Cut surgace: GRAYISH- WHITE tissue infiltrating the wall of the bowel
- It involves/ does not involve the serosal and the perirectal/ pericolic fat tissue.
Alterations URINARY BLADDER
- Actue urocystitis
- Mucosa is reddish
- The lumen contains murky, yellowish fluid.
(catheter: there are multiple, circumscribed, 2-3 mm hemorrhages on the mucosa of the trigone/ posterior wall).
Alterations URINARY BLADDER
- Carcinoma
There is a … cm sized papillary (partly necrotic, partly hemorrhagic)
outgrowth from the mucosa.
Alterations UTERUS
- Carcinoma of the cervix
- There is a … cm large polypoid / exophytic outgrowth on the cervix - The surface is exulcerated. - Cut surface is grayish-white - The tumor invades the tissue of the portio.
Alterations UTERUS
- Uterine leiomyoma
There is a submucosal/intramural/subserosal … cm:
- Grayish-white,
- Firm nodule in the uterus
- The cut surface has a whorly appearance
Alterations UTERUS
- Endometrial carcinoma
- Endometrium is thickened
- There are polypoid projections in the lumen
- On the cut surface grayish-white tissue invades the wall of the uterus
Alterations FALLOPIAN TUBES
- Hydrosalphinx
The lumen of the fallopian tube is
- Dilated
- Filled with clear fluid
Alterations FALLOPIAN TUBES
- Pyosalphinx
The lumen of the fallopian tube is:
- Dilated
- Filled with pus
Alterations OVARIES
- Ovarian cyst
There are … number, … cm large cavities
- With thin wall in the ovary,
- Containing clear/ yellowish/ brownish fluid
Alterations OVARIES
- Cystic tumor of the ovary
there is/are … number unilocular / multilocular cysts in the
… ovary/ both ovaries.
(There are papillary projections in the lumen and/or on the
outer surface of the cysty.)
The cysts contain serous / mucinous fluid.
Alterations PROSTATE
- Nodular hyperplasia
- Prostate is enlarged
- On cut surface the parenchyma is made
up of … cm elastic nodules
Alterations PROSTATE
- Adenocarcinoma of the prostate
- The… side of the prostate is asymmetrically enlarged
- There is a
- Poorly circumscribed
- Homogenous
- Firm
- Grayish-white
….tissue infiltrating the surrounding soft tissues.
Diff. right/ left kidney
Look at length or ureter. Lefr kidney ureter is longer.
Positioning of the lungs
- Place hilum on table
- Base towards you
- Apex away
- Most flattened side R/L = Corresponds to R/L lung.
Positioning of the heart
- Find aorta and the openings of the coronary aa. –> Place downwards on table.
- Aorta = Left ventricle w. bigger and lesser flap
3- Right ventricle and atrium –> Pulmonary trunk (ant/ left/ right)