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Flashcards in Organ description Deck (187)
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1
Q

Order to follow within organ description?

A
  1. Size
  2. Surface
  3. Color
  4. Consistency
  5. Inner contents
  6. Special structure
2
Q

Order to follow in organ complexes?

A
  1. Circulation
  2. Respiration
  3. Digestion
  4. Urinary tract
  5. Others (genital, endocrine…)
3
Q

Weight of normal heart?

A

300- 350g.

4
Q

How to describe the pericardium?

A

Smooth, shiny, glistening.

5
Q

Description of right atrium (5)…

A
  • Diameter 29- 45 mm.
  • It is free
  • Inner surface is smooth
  • Formalen ovale i closed
  • Auricle is free
6
Q

Circumference of tricuspid valve?

A

130 mm.

7
Q

Description of the cusps…

A
  • Thin
  • Membranous
  • Freely movable
8
Q

Description of right ventricle (4)…

A
  • Diameter 26 mm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Inner surface is smooth
  • Thickness of myocardium 3-5 mm.
9
Q

Chordae tendinae are…

A

…thin, thread- like.

10
Q

Thickness of right ventricular myometrium?

A

3- 5 mm.

11
Q

Pulmonary valve (2)

A
  • Circumference of pulmonary valve 80 mm.
  • Cusps are:
    thin
    membranous
    freely movable
12
Q

Pulmonary trunk (3)

A
  • Diameter 15- 21 mm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Inner surface: IVORY
13
Q

Description of left atrium (4)…

A
  • Diameter 27- 38 mm.
  • It is free
  • Inner surface is smooth
  • Auricle is free
14
Q

Diameter of biscuspid valve?

A

105 mm.

15
Q

Papillary muscles are…

A

Cylindrical

16
Q

Description of left ventricle (4)…

A
  • Diameter 39- 53 mm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Inner surface is smooth
  • Thickness left myocardium: 10- 14 mm.
17
Q

Thickness of left myocardium?

A

10- 14 mm.

18
Q

Circumference of aortic valve?

A

65 mm.

19
Q

Aorta (2)

A
  • Diameter 25 mm.

- Inner surface is IVORY

20
Q

Circumflex (CX)-, Anterior descending (LAD), and Right coronary (RCA) artery (3)…

A
  • Diameter 3-6 mm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Inner surface is IVORY
21
Q
  • Color of cut surface of myocardium?

- Consistency?

A
  • Reddish brown

- Rubbery and muscle structure is preserved.

22
Q

Adipose infiltration (heart)

A

Increased amount of pericardial fat, which penetrates deeply between the muscle strands. (Usually seen in the anterior wall of right ventricle).

23
Q

Hypoxic parenchymal degeneration (heart)

A
  • Muscle is light brown.
  • Muscle structure is indistinct
  • Consistency is flaccid
24
Q

Atherosclerosis (aorta, coronaries)

A

Best described by:

  • Mentioning how many there are, “ numerous, few” and their size e.g. 1- 5 mm sized.
  • Color: yellowish/ butter yellow
  • Consistency: Firm/ calcified/ ulcerated plaques (with thrombosis on/ hemorrhage in the plaques)

…on the inner surface.

25
Q

Myocardial infarction, ACUTE

A

more than 24h old.
On the cut surface of… (name area e.g. ant.wall) of myocardium there is…

  • Size (subendocardial/ transmural/ asymmetrical/ map-like).
  • Color: Clay- yellow/ reddish area with hemorrhagic edges.

Optional: Grayish, easily removable material on the pericardium of this area (acute fibrinous pericarditis). I

26
Q

Myocarial infarction, OLD

A

On the cut surface of… (name area e.g. ant.wall) of myocardium there is…

  • Size
  • Color: Whitish scar tissue.

Optional: The lumen is dilated, the wall is thin (aneurysm).

27
Q

Acute endocarditis, INFECTIVE

A

Large, smooth, grayish- yellowish thrombi on the valves (= vegetation). Valve destruction is common.

28
Q

Acute endocarditis, NON- INFECTIVE

A

Small, grayish thormbi on the egde of the valves (= sterile vegetation). No valve destruction.

29
Q

Chronic endocarditis (rheumatic)

A

the….(name which valves)… are thickened, destruated, calcified, not movable.

The valve is stenotic.

30
Q

Weight of right and left lung together?

A

700 g.

31
Q

Description of pleura?

A

Smooth, shiny and glistening.

32
Q

Color of cut surface of the lung?

A

Red

33
Q

Consistency of the lung?

A

Elastic. Air bubbles can be felt.

34
Q

Pressing the cut surface of the lung results in?

A

Small amout of deep red bubbly/ frothy fluid.

35
Q

Further description of the lungs:

  • Arteries
  • Bronchi
A

Arteries:

  • Diameter normal (må finne ut)
  • Lumen is free
  • Inner surface is IVORY

Bronchi:

  • Diameter is normal (= the lumen of a single bronchus is detectable NOT MORE than 2/3 of the hilus- pleura distance.
  • Lumen is free
  • Mucosa is GRAYISH- WHITE/ PALE.
36
Q

Atelectasis (lung)

A
  • Size of area of lung that is/ are collapsed

- Consistency: Muscle like

37
Q

Edema (lung)

A
  • Lungs are heavy
  • Consistency is firm, elastic
  • Large amount of bubbly/ frothy fluid can be pressed out on cut surface
38
Q

Emphysema (lung)

A
  • Parenchyma is light red
  • Consistency is soft

Optional: there are … number…cm sized air filled bullae in the periphery of the lobe (bullous emphysema).

39
Q

Lung infarcation

A
  • There is a WEDGE- shaped, SUBPLEURAL…cm sized firm, DEEP RED area on the cut surface.
  • There is a GRAYISH- WHITE, easily removable layer on the pleural side on the pleural side of the infarction.
40
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

the. ..(name the lobe)…is
- Homogenously GRAYISH- RED
- Consistency is that of the liver
- Parenchyma i friable/ fragile.

41
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

the. ..(name the area)…of the lung is:
- DEEP RED with YELLOW FOCI (= pus)
- Parenchyma is friable/ fragile
- Pus can be pressed out of the cut surface

42
Q

Lung abscess

A

there is a…cm ROUNDISH cavity in the parenchyma, partly filled with THICK, YELLOWISH pus.

43
Q

Primary lung tumour, CENTRAL

A
  • Asymmetrical infiltrating
  • Grayish- white
  • Firm tissue

…in connection with one of the main bronchi.

44
Q

Primary lung tumour, PERIPHERAL

A
  • Asymmetrical infiltrating
  • GRAYISH- WHITE
  • Firm, foreign tissue
  • Pleural surface is retracted

…in the periphery of the lung.

No visible connection with any bronchi.

45
Q

Metastatic lung cancer

A

There are multiple…to…cm ROUNDISH, GRAYISH- WHITE foreign tissue nodules in the parenchyma.

46
Q

Acute purulent bronchitis

A
  • Mucosa is bright red

- Lumen contains a large amount of mucinous- purulent secretion

47
Q

Bronchiectasis

A
  • Lumen is dilated

- Bronchi can be dissected up until the pleura

48
Q

Pulmonarsclerosis

A

On the inner surface of the arteries there are … number, … mm sized YELLOWISH plaques.

49
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A
  • Lumen of primary/ secondary/ tertiary artery is occluded by:
    • Grayish- reddish embolus
    • w. rubbery consistency
    • and dull surface
50
Q

Weight of the normal spleen?

A

150 g.

51
Q

Surface of the spleen?

A

Smooth, shiny and glistening.

52
Q

Description of the capsule of the spleen?

A

Thin and wrinkled.

53
Q

Cut surface of the spleen (2)..

A
  • Deep red

- No/ minimal amount of scrape- off.

54
Q

Consistency of the spleen?

A

“Normal”

55
Q

Hyaline spleen (Chronic perisplenitis)

A

Thick, confluent plaques which thicken the capsule.

56
Q

Acute congestion of Spleen

A
  • Slightly enlarged spleen
  • Capsule is tight, not wrinkable
  • Moderate scrape- off
57
Q

Chronic congestion of Spleen

A
  • Spleen is enlarged
  • Parenchyma is firm, fibrotic
  • No scrape- off
58
Q

Uremia, brain hemorrhage and autolysis (spleen)

A
  • Size of the spleen is NORMAL
  • Parenchyma is soft
  • Large amount of scrape- off
59
Q

Sepsis (spleen)

A
  • Spleen is ENLARGED
  • Parenchyma is soft
  • Large amount of
    scrape- off
60
Q

Lymphoma/ leukemia infiltration (spleen)

A
  • Spleen is GREATLY ENLARGED

Optional: There are multiple 0,5- 1 mm, white nodules diffusley in the parenchyma

61
Q

Weight of both kidneys?

A

300 g.

62
Q

Fibrous capusle of kidney is…

A

Easily removed.

63
Q

Surface of the kidney is?

A

Smooth. Bears signs of fetal lobulation.

64
Q

Cut surface of the kidney (4)?

A
  • Reddish- brown
  • Border btw cortex and medulla is sharp
  • Medulla is preserved
  • Thickness of cortex is 5- 10 mm.
65
Q

Thickness of cortex of kidney?

A

5- 10 mm.

66
Q

Description of calyxes and pyelon.

A
  • Free
  • Normal in diameter
  • Mucosa is PALE
67
Q

Ureters are…(3)

A
  • Free
  • Normal in diameter
  • Mucosa is PALE
68
Q

Congestion KIDNEY

A
  • Stellate veins are visible on the surface

- Parenchyma is DEEP RED

69
Q

Kidney stone

A

There are … number… cm coral-shaped stones filling the calyces.

At that area the mucosa is:

  • Thickened
  • Porcelain white/bright red
70
Q

Anemic infarction, ACUTE (kidney)

A

On the cut surface there is a:

  • Wedge shaped clay-yellow area
  • With deep red/ hemorrhagic border
71
Q

Anemic infarction, OLD (kidney)

A
  • There are one/ few/ multiple deep, stellar
    shaped indentations on the surface
  • Parenchyma is thin, replaced by scar tissue
72
Q

Nephrosclerosis

A

(consequence of either chronic vascular or glomerular disorder):

  • Surface is granulated
  • Few small/ 1-2 mm thin walled cysts filled with yellowish, clear
    fluid.
  • Cortex is uneven in thickness, generally thin.
73
Q

Acute pyelonephritis

A
  • Parenchyma is deep red
  • Cortex- medulla border is
    undefined
  • Multiple small yellowish patches (=microabscesses)
74
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis

A
  • There are numerous flat, roundish/ asymmetrical
    indentations on the surface.
  • In the corresponding calyx the mucosa is thickened,
    porcelain white
  • The parenchyma is thin, replaced by scar tissue.
75
Q

Shock kidney

A
  • The surface is pale
  • Cortex is pale (widened)
  • Medulla is deep red.
76
Q
Primary tumour (kidney)
- Clear cell carcinoma
A

There is a … cm large, round, well

circumscribed, yellowish tissue with necrotic / hemorrhagic areas.

77
Q

Weight of brain?

A

1200- 1250 g.

78
Q

Description of brain (4)

A
  • Meninges are translucid
  • Gyra and sulci are normal
  • Brain tissue is soft
  • Structure is preserved
79
Q

Brain arteries (2)

A
  • Arteries have a membranous wall

- Lumen is free

80
Q

Thickness of cortex on cut surface?

A

5 mm.

81
Q

Hemispheres are…

A

Symmetrical

82
Q

Description of ventricles (brain) (2)

A
  • Normal in diameter

- Filled with water: clear cerebrospinal fluid.

83
Q

Brain edema

A
  • Meningens are:
    • Edematous
    • Hyperemic
  • Gyra are:
    • Flattened
    • Wide
  • Sulci are:
    • Narrow
    • Shallow
  • Blood spots disspipate.
  • Soft consistency
  • Significant impression on cerebellar tinsillae (= cerebellar herniation)
84
Q

Emolition/ infarct, ACUTE (brain)

A
  • There is a …cm irregular area, where the tissue is semifluid/ very soft
  • Hemispheres are assymetrical
  • There is a hemorrhage on the edge of the lesion
85
Q

Emolition/ infarct, OLD (brain)

A

There is a …cm roundish, cystic cavity, filled with soft, yellowish mass/ transparent fluid in the …(name the area).

86
Q

Brain hemorrhage, PARENCHYMATOUS

A

There is a … cm roundish area in the central

region that is filled with coagulated blood. (The blood continues in the ventricles.)

87
Q

Brain hemorrhage, SUBARACHNOIDAL

A

There is superficial bleeding on the basal area of the cerebellum- ponscerebrum,
covered by pia mater.

88
Q

Brain hemorrhage, EPIURAL

A

There is …. cm hematoma between the

skull and the dura mater.

89
Q

Brain hemorhage, SUBDURAL

A

There is …. cm hematoma between the dura mater

and the pia mater.

90
Q

Primary brain tumor

A
  • There is a …large poorly circumscribed soft grayish-yellowish mass in the white substance of the cerebrum.
  • Hemispheres are asymmetrical.
91
Q

Metastatic brain tumor

A

There are multiple well circumscribed nodules in the

cerebrum/cerebellum.

92
Q

Meningioma (benign tumor of the meninges)

A
  • There is a … cm firm, grayish- white
    nodule in connection with the meninges/dura in the … region, which causes an
    impression in the underlying brain tissue.
  • On cut surface it is made up of whorly
    strands of GRAYISH- WHITE tissue.
93
Q

Description of Small intestines (6)

A
  • Diameter 2,5- 3 cm.
  • Normal intestinal content in the lumen
  • Wall is normal in thickness
  • Rugae are preserved
  • Mucosa is PALE
  • Serousa is SMOOTH, SHINY and GLISTENING
94
Q

Description of Large intestines (5)

A
  • Diameter 6- 7 cm.
  • Lumen contains lumps of feces
  • Rugae are preserved
  • Mucosa is PALE
  • Serosa is SMOOTH, SHINY and GLISTENING.
95
Q

Appendix (2)

A
  • Size: how long is it?

- Structure preserved

96
Q

Meckel devirticulum

A

There is a … cm pouch in the ileum, covered by shiny serosa.

97
Q

Diverticulosis

A

There are multiple small mucosal pouches containing impacted faeces in the (sigmoid) colon.

98
Q

Acute appendicitis

A

The serosa of the appendix is hyperemic/ bright red.

(There is a perforation on the appendix; an easily removable, thin grayish layer/pus/coagulated
blood covers the serosa).

99
Q

Sessile polyp

A

There is a … cm roundish (villous), grayish-brown outgrowth of the mucosa.

100
Q

Pedunculated polyp

A

There is a…cm roundish (villous), GRAYISH- BROWN outgrowth of the mucosa.

101
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A
  • Lumen is dilated
  • Mucosa has large, shallow, ulcerated areas.
  • There are polypoid mucosal outgrowths on the edges of the ulcers (pseudo polyps).
102
Q

Chron’s disease

A
  • Lumen is narrow
  • Wall is thickened, fibrotic
  • Mucosa is hyperemic, deep longitudinal fissures result in a cobblestone appearance.

(There are fistulas connecting to intrabdonminal abscesses and/ or other intestinal loops).

103
Q

Colorectal carcinoma

A
  • On mucosa there is an exulcerated/ polypoid (cauliflower- like)…cm long segment that has raised egdes
  • Cause no/ partial/ complete obsrtuction of the wall of the lumen.
  • Cut surgace: GRAYISH- WHITE tissue infiltrating the wall of the bowel
  • It involves/ does not involve the serosal and the perirectal/ pericolic fat tissue.
104
Q

Part of the neck complex (5)

A
  • Aorta and branches
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Thyriod gland
105
Q

Aorta, Neck complex (3)

A
  • Diameter 2,5 cm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Inner surface is IVORY
106
Q

Carotids, Neck complex (4)

A
  • Diameter 6,1- 6,5 mm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Inner surface is IVORY
  • Bifurcation is free
107
Q

Larynx, Neck complex (3)

A
  • DIameter 41- 43 mm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Vocal cords are normal
108
Q

Trachea, Neck complex (3)

A
  • Diameter: Inner 12- 18 mm.
    Outer 21- 27 mm.
  • Trachea is free
  • Mucosa is PALE
109
Q

Esophagus, Neck complex (3)

A
  • Diameter 1- 2 cm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Muocsa is PALE
110
Q

Thyroid, Neck complex (3)

A
  • C:a 20 g.
  • Cut surface is REDDISH- BROWN, glandular, has colliod shine
  • Parathyriods are not visible
111
Q

Alterations AORTA, CAROTIDS

  • Atherosclerosis
A
  • There are numerous…mm sized (confluent)
  • Yellowish/ butter yellow, firm/calcified/ulcerated plaques (with thrombosis
    on/hemorrhage in the plaques) on the inner surface.

(These cause a ..% narrowing of the lumen).

112
Q

Alterations LARYNX

  • Inflammation
A

Laringitis/tracheitis):
- Mucosa is red.

Optional: fibrinous/purulent
exsudation.

113
Q

Alterations LARYNX

  • Intubation decubitus
A
  • There are… number deep ulcers penetrating to the level
    of/destroying the cartilage.
  • The surrounding mucosa is hyperemic.
114
Q

Alterations LARYNX

  • Larynx primary tumor, PAPILLOMA
A

There is one/ multiple papillary … cm growth on

the mucosal surface.

115
Q

Alterations LARYNX

  • Larynx primary tumor, CARCINOMA
A
  • there is a … cm exulcerated area with raised edges
    in the area of (vocal cords, etc.) on the right/left side.
  • On cut surface firm, grayishwhite
    tissue infiltrates the wall, involving/ not involving the cartilage underneath.
116
Q

Alterations ESOPHAGUS

  • Varicosity
A

At the lower third of the esophagus:
- dilated, tortuous veins are visible through the mucosa.

Optional: One of the veins has ruptured, this area is covered with blood clots.

117
Q

Alterations ESOPHAGUS

  • GERD (gastro- esophageal reflux disease)
A

There are confluent reddish patches on the

mucosa in the lower third of the esophagus.

118
Q

Alterations THYROID

  • Diffuse goiter
A

Both lobes are enlarged.

119
Q

Alterations THYROID

  • Nodular goiter
A
  • Lobes are enlarged
  • Consist of nodules of various size, separated by strands of connective tissue
  • Nodules have a colliod shine. Some have calcified/ fibrotic/ hemorrhagic areas. Some are cystic (= colliod cyst).
120
Q

Alterations THYROID

  • Adenoma
A

Solitary, encapsulated nodule.

121
Q

Alterations THYROID

  • Carcinoma
A
  • Poorly circumscribed- infiltrative
  • Very hard
  • Gray mass

Optional: small foci of calcification.

122
Q

Parts of the liver complex (9)

A
  • Aorta
  • IVC
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
  • Bile ducts
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenals
  • Liver
123
Q

Aorta (liver complex) (4)

A
  • Diameter 2,5 cm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Inner surface is IVORY
  • Orifices of larger branches are free
124
Q

Inferior vena cava (liver complex) (4)

A
  • Diameter 1,5- 2,5 cm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Inner surface is PEARLY
  • Hepatic veins are free
125
Q

Adrenals (liver complex)

A
  • Combined c:a 10 g.
  • 1- 2 mm. thick sulfur yellow- brownish cortex
  • Gray medulla
126
Q

Stomach (liver complex) (6)

A
  • Diameter: when empty slightly larger than diameter of large intestines which measure 6- 7 cm.
  • Wall is normal in thicknes
  • Lumen contains small amount of partly digested food
  • Rugae are preserved
  • Mucosa is Pale
  • Pylorus is normal in diameter ()
127
Q

Duodenum (liver complex)

A
  • Diameter 2,5 cm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Mucosa is pale
128
Q

Bile ducts (liver complex) (3)

A
  • Diameter
    • Common hepatic duct < 6 mm.
    • Common bike duct < 8 mm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Mucosa is yellowish- green
129
Q

Gall bladder (liver complex) (4)

A
  • Size:
  • length: 7- 9 cm.
  • width: 3- 4 cm.
  • wall thickness: 2- 3 mm.
  • Contains bile
  • Mucosa is velvety
  • Mucosa is bile colored
130
Q

Pancreas (3)

A
  • Size: length: 15 cm.
  • Reddish- gray
  • Glandular
131
Q

Liver (4)

A
  • 1500 g.
  • Surface: Smooth, shiny, glistening
  • Edge is sharp
  • Cut surface: Reddish- brown, lobular
132
Q

Alterations AORTA (liver cmplx)

  • Atherosclerotic aneurysm, Saccular
A

The dilatation ia spherical in

shape and involve only a portion of the vessel wall.

133
Q

Alterations AORTA (liver cmplx)

  • Atherosclerotic aneurysm, Fusiform
A

The dilatation affect the
total circumference.

Optional: the layers of the wall are separated, coagulated blood
fills the space between them (dissected aneurysm)..

134
Q

Alterations AORTA (liver cmplx)

  • Leriche- syndrome
A
  • Below the levels of the renal arteries multiple ulcerated plaques
    cover the surface.
  • There is thrombus formation on the plaques, which completely
    occludes/severely narrows the lumen of (the aorta) both iliacs.
135
Q

Alterations AORTA (liver cmplx)

  • Mural thormbosis (generally associated with aneurysm)
A

There is a layered/… cm

large thrombus attached to the inner surface.

136
Q

Alterations IVC (liver cmplx)

  • Budd- Chari syndrome
A

The lumens of the hepatic veins are occluded by thrombi.

137
Q

Alterations ADRENAL GLANDS (liver cmplx)

  • Cortical hyperplasia
A

The cortex of the adrenals is nodular/uniformly thickened.

138
Q

Alterations ADRENAL GLANDS (liver cmplx)

  • Adenoma
A

In the … adrenal there is a … cm, round, sulfur yellow nodule, that is in
connection with the cortex.

139
Q

Alterations ADRENAL GLANDS (liver cmplx)

  • Phaeochromocytoma
A

There is a … cm, soft, grayish brown tumor in connection with
the medulla.

140
Q

Alterations ADRENAL GLANDS (liver cmplx)

  • Metastasis
A

Necrotic, firm, grayish tumor mass, often destructs the whole gland.

141
Q

Alterations STOMACH (liver cmplx)

  • Erosion
A

On the mucosa there are multiple, small, shallow cavities, the base are
covered by partly digested (coffee-like) blood.

142
Q

Alterations STOMACH (liver cmplx)

  • Peptic ulcer, ACUTE
A
  • There is a … cm big, roundish, deep cavity (generally in the
    antrum-pylorus region).
  • The base of the ulcer is covered by digested blood (coffeelike).
143
Q

Alterations STOMACH (liver cmplx)

  • Peptic ulcer, CHRONIC
A

The base of the ulcer is lined by mucosa, the wall is fibrotic.

144
Q

Alterations STOMACH (liver cmplx)

  • Carcinoma, INTESTINAL TYPE
A
  • On the mucosa there is a … cm asymmetrical ulcerated

area with raised edges/ asymmetrical polypoid outgrowth into the lumen.

145
Q

Alterations STOMACH (liver cmplx)

  • Carcinoma, DIFFUSE TYPE
A
  • The wall is firm, thickened (=linitis plastica).
  • On cut surface there is a grayish- white tissue involving the whole thickness of the wall.
  • Sometimes no visible ulcer is present.
146
Q

Alterations BILIARY TRACT (liver cmplx)

  • Choledocholithiasis
A
  • There is a … mm mixed / cholesterol/ pigment stone causing
    total/ partial obstruction of the lumen.
  • The duct proximal to the obstruction is dilated.
147
Q

Alterations BILIARY TRACT (liver cmplx)

  • Cholecystolithiasis
A

There is a … mm mixed / cholesterol/ pigment stone in the lumen.

148
Q

Alterations BILIARY TRACT (liver cmplx)

  • Cholesterolosis
A

There is a golden yellow, filamentous pattern on the mucosa.

149
Q

Alterations BILIARY TRACT (liver cmpx)

  • Carcinoma
A

The wall of the gallbladder is thickened by grayish- white tissue, which
extends continually to the liver.

150
Q

Alterations PANCREAS (liver cmplx)

  • Acute pacreatitis
A

Pancreas is:

  • Swollen
  • Has many foci of chalk white material (fat
    necrosis) .
151
Q

Alterations PANCREAS (liver cmplx)

  • Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
A

Pancreas is:
- Swollen
- Has many foci of chalk
white material (fat necrosis),

There are many confluent foci of hemorrhage in the
parenchyma.

152
Q

Alterations PANCREAS (liver cmplx)

  • Chronic pancreatitis
A

Pancreas is_

  • Smaller
  • Consistency is firm
  • Yellowish- gray

Optional: pseudocyst: in the pancreas there are … cm round cavity filled with
yellowish fluid / necrotic material.

153
Q

Alterations PANCREAS (liver cmplx)

  • Carcinoma
A

. Poorly circumscribed/infiltrative
- Firm
- Grayish-white area in
the head/body/tail of the pancreas.

154
Q

Alterations LIVER

  • Chronic congestion
A
  • Liiver is enlarged
  • The edges are rounded,
  • Cut surface has a nutmeg pattern.
155
Q

Alterations LIVER

  • Fatty degeneration
A
  • Liver is enlarged
  • The edges are rounded
  • Cut surface is soft, yellow.
156
Q

Alterations LIVER

  • Cirrhosis
A
  • Liver is small/ enlarged
  • The surface is uneven.
  • On the cut surface the
    whole parenchyma consists of 2-3 mm (=micronodular) or 1-2 cm (=macronodular)
    nodules.
  • Consistency is firm
  • The cut surface is yellowish/ greenish.
157
Q

Alterations LIVER

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
A

(generally in cirrhotic liver):
There is a large/ there are
many … cm:
- Light brown / greenish, partly hemorrhagic nodule in the parenchyma

  • The edge is lobulated
  • The consistency is soft.
158
Q

Alterations LIVER

  • Hepatic metastasis
A

There are … number … cm:

  • Well-circumscribed, partly confluent
  • Firm
  • Grayish-white nodules (with necrotic center) in the parenchyma.
159
Q

Parts of pelvic complex (6)

A
  • Rectum
  • Bladder
  • Ureters

and additional if female:

  • Uterus
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Ovaries

and addtional if male:
- Prostate

160
Q

Rectum (3)

A
  • Diameter
    • upper part: 4 cm.
    • lower part: dilated
  • Lumen contains feces
  • Mucosa is pale
161
Q

Bladder (3)

A
  • Size: holds 300- 350 mL urine
  • Filled with clear, yellowish fluid
  • Mucosa is pale
162
Q

Ureters

A
  • Diameter: 6 mm.
  • Length: 25- 30 cm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Mucosa is pale
163
Q

Vagina

A
  • Diameter 2- 3,5 cm.
  • Lumen is free
  • Mucosa is grayish- white
164
Q

Uterus (2)

A
  • Size:
  • length: 7,6 cm.
  • width: 4,5 cm.
  • thickness of wall: 3 cm.
  • Surface of exocervix is smooth, pale
165
Q

Shape of external orifice of cervical canal

A

Round/ fissure- like/ stellate shaped

166
Q

Thickness of endometrium and myometrium

A

Endometrium

Myometrium

167
Q

Consistency of the myometrium

A

Rubbery

168
Q

Fallopian tubes are…

A

Thin

169
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Size 3x 2 x 1,5 cm.

- Cut surface: Yellowish- white, corpora lutie or albicantes can be seen

170
Q

Prostate

A
  • Size: 7- 16 g.
  • Cut surface:
    • Yellowish- white
    • Glandular
  • Consistency: Muscle-like
171
Q

Alterations RECTUM

  • Sessile polyp
A

There is a … cm roundish (villous), grayish-brown outgrowth of the
mucosa.

172
Q

Alterations RECTUM

  • Pedunculated polyp
A

There is a…cm roundish (villous), GRAYISH- BROWN outgrowth of the mucosa

173
Q

Alterations RECTUM

  • Colorectal carcinoma
A
  • On mucosa there is an exulcerated/ polypoid (cauliflower- like)…cm long segment that has raised egdes
  • Cause no/ partial/ complete obsrtuction of the wall of the lumen.
  • Cut surgace: GRAYISH- WHITE tissue infiltrating the wall of the bowel
  • It involves/ does not involve the serosal and the perirectal/ pericolic fat tissue.
174
Q

Alterations URINARY BLADDER

  • Actue urocystitis
A
  • Mucosa is reddish
  • The lumen contains murky, yellowish fluid.

(catheter: there are multiple, circumscribed, 2-3 mm hemorrhages on the mucosa of the trigone/ posterior wall).

175
Q

Alterations URINARY BLADDER

  • Carcinoma
A

There is a … cm sized papillary (partly necrotic, partly hemorrhagic)
outgrowth from the mucosa.

176
Q

Alterations UTERUS

  • Carcinoma of the cervix
A
- There is a … cm large polypoid / exophytic outgrowth on the
cervix
- The surface is exulcerated.
- Cut surface is grayish-white
- The tumor invades
the tissue of the portio.
177
Q

Alterations UTERUS

  • Uterine leiomyoma
A

There is a submucosal/intramural/subserosal … cm:

  • Grayish-white,
  • Firm nodule in the uterus
  • The cut surface has a whorly appearance
178
Q

Alterations UTERUS

  • Endometrial carcinoma
A
  • Endometrium is thickened
  • There are polypoid projections in the lumen
  • On the cut surface grayish-white tissue invades the wall of the uterus
179
Q

Alterations FALLOPIAN TUBES

  • Hydrosalphinx
A

The lumen of the fallopian tube is

  • Dilated
  • Filled with clear fluid
180
Q

Alterations FALLOPIAN TUBES

  • Pyosalphinx
A

The lumen of the fallopian tube is:

  • Dilated
  • Filled with pus
181
Q

Alterations OVARIES

  • Ovarian cyst
A

There are … number, … cm large cavities

  • With thin wall in the ovary,
  • Containing clear/ yellowish/ brownish fluid
182
Q

Alterations OVARIES

  • Cystic tumor of the ovary
A

there is/are … number unilocular / multilocular cysts in the
… ovary/ both ovaries.

(There are papillary projections in the lumen and/or on the
outer surface of the cysty.)

The cysts contain serous / mucinous fluid.

183
Q

Alterations PROSTATE

  • Nodular hyperplasia
A
  • Prostate is enlarged
  • On cut surface the parenchyma is made
    up of … cm elastic nodules
184
Q

Alterations PROSTATE

  • Adenocarcinoma of the prostate
A
  • The… side of the prostate is asymmetrically enlarged
  • There is a
    • Poorly circumscribed
    • Homogenous
    • Firm
    • Grayish-white

….tissue infiltrating the surrounding soft tissues.

185
Q

Diff. right/ left kidney

A

Look at length or ureter. Lefr kidney ureter is longer.

186
Q

Positioning of the lungs

A
  1. Place hilum on table
  2. Base towards you
  3. Apex away
  4. Most flattened side R/L = Corresponds to R/L lung.
187
Q

Positioning of the heart

A
  1. Find aorta and the openings of the coronary aa. –> Place downwards on table.
  2. Aorta = Left ventricle w. bigger and lesser flap

3- Right ventricle and atrium –> Pulmonary trunk (ant/ left/ right)