Organelles

Question 1

Prokaryote

Answer 1

Cells without a nucleus (before nucleus) – smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells

Question 2

Eukaryote

Answer 2

Cells with a nucleus (true nucleus) – larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells

Question 3

Cell envelope

Answer 3

The outer layer of prokaryotic cells, made up of three parts: the plasma membrane, cell wall, and capsule

Question 4

Plasma membrane

Answer 4

The innermost membrane surrounding all cells that allows materials in and out of the cell (made of phospholipids and some steroids)

Question 5

Cell wall

Answer 5

The outer layer of plant cells and the center layer of prokaryotic cells, providing structure and shape to the cell

Question 6

Capsule

Answer 6

The outermost layer of prokaryotic cells, helping them keep their shape and acting as a barrier

Question 7

Nucleus

Answer 7

In eukaryotic cells – stores DNA and sends instructions to the ribosomes

Question 8

Nucleolus

Answer 8

In eukaryotic cells – the center of the nucleus that produces ribosomes

Question 9

Flagellum

Answer 9

External organelle in prokaryotic organisms, used for movement (like a tail)

Question 10

Cilia

Answer 10

In eukaryotic cells – tiny hair-like projections on the outside of the cell that move in an oar-like motion to move the cell

Question 11

Fimbriae

Answer 11

In prokaryotic cells – tiny projections that allow the cell to stick to surfaces

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

In all cells – receive instructions from the DNA in the nucleus and bind amino acids into polypeptide chains as the first step in making proteins

Question 13

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

In eukaryotic cells – studded with ribosomes, folds polypeptide chains from the ribosomes into proteins

Question 14

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

In eukaryotic cells – produces lipids for the cell

Question 15

Golgi apparatus

Answer 15

In eukaryotic cells – sorts lipids and proteins, packages them into vesicles, and sends them throughout the cell or even outside it

Question 16

Vesicles

Answer 16

Small organelles in eukaryotic cells that act as packages for proteins to transport them

Question 17

Lysosomes

Answer 17

In eukaryotic cells – break down toxins and old cell parts

Question 18

Centrosome

Answer 18

Made of two centrioles in an animal cell: helps with cell division by keeping the cell organized

Question 19

Mitochondria

Answer 19

Produces ATP energy for eukaryotic cells; was most likely a separate organism at one point, so it contains its own DNA

Question 20

Chloroplast

Answer 20

Photosynthesizes and turns plant cells green; was most likely a separate organism at one point, so it contains its own DNA

Question 21

Cytoplasm

Answer 21

The gel-like fluid in which all other organelles are suspended – in all cells

Question 22

Nucleoid region

Answer 22

In prokaryotic cells – the region in which the free-floating plasmid DNA is

Question 23

Cytoskeleton

Answer 23

A network of tubes that both give structure to the cell and act as a sort of highway for vesicles in all cells

Question 24

Peroxisomes

Answer 24

In eukaryotic cells – these organelles break down hydrogen peroxide, which is toxic to the cell

Question 25

Glycocalyx

Answer 25

A coating that surrounds the cell membrane and determines what it can stick to

Question 26

Vacuole

Answer 26

Large in plant cells and small in animal cells, vacuoles provide structure if they are large enough and store fluid, waste, and other materials.

Question 27

Sex pili

Answer 27

Transfer DNA in prokaryotic cells when they divide