Organisation Paper 1

Question 1

What does the vena cava do?

Answer 1

Brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

Question 2

How does oxygenated blood pass from the lungs to the heart?

Answer 2

Through the pulmonary vein

Question 3

What does the right atrium do?

Answer 3

Pumps blood to the lungs

right atrium ➔ right ventricle ➔ pulmonary artery ➔ lungs

Question 4

What does the left atrium do?

Answer 4

Pumps blood to the body

left atrium ➔ left ventricle ➔ aorta ➔ body

Question 5

What do valves do?

Answer 5

They prevent the backflow of blood

found in the heart and veins

Question 6

Why are muscle walls on the left side of the heart thicker?

Answer 6

They pump blood to the whole of the body so a high pressure is needed

Question 7

What does the left ventricle do?

Answer 7

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta

Question 8

What does the right ventricle do?

Answer 8

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

Question 9

What blood vessel contains elastic fibres?

Answer 9

Arteries

Question 10

What blood vessel has thin walls and why?

Answer 10

Capillaries for short diffusion pathway

Question 11

What blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Answer 11

Arteries

Question 12

Arteries carry ______________ blood?

Answer 12

Oxygenated

with the exception of the pulmonary artery

Question 13

Arteries have _____ muscular walls and _____ lumens?

Answer 13

Thick, small

Question 14

What blood vessel has high blood pressure?

Answer 14

Arteries

Question 15

How do arteries allow more oxygenated blood to be carried during exercise?

Answer 15

They dilate, so increase blood flow

Question 16

Capillaries are ___ ____ thick? And this causes?

Answer 16

One cell, blood to slow down

Question 17

Capillaries allow gases to ____?

Answer 17

Diffuse (oxygen into cells, CO2 out of cells)

Question 18

What do veins do?

Answer 18

Carry blood back to the heart

Question 19

Veins carry _____________ blood?

Answer 19

Deoxygenated

with the exception of the pulmonary vein

Question 20

Both arteries and the pulmonary vein carry what?

Answer 20

Oxygenated blood

Question 21

What blood vessel has low blood pressure?

Answer 21

Veins

Question 22

Veins have _____ lumens and ________ walls?

Answer 22

Large, thin

Question 23

What are the 4 blood components?

Answer 23

• Platelets
• Plasma
• WBCs
• RBCs

Question 24

What causes blood clots and how?

Answer 24

Platelets by converting fibrinogen to fibrin which capture RBCs

Question 25

What blood component carries oxygen and how?

Answer 25

RBC by binding to haemoglobin to form oxy-haemoglobin

Question 26

What do WBCS do and how?

Answer 26

* Engulf pathogens (phagocytosis) * Produce antibodies (attach to antigens and destroy pathogens) * Produce antitoxins (neutralise bacteria toxins)

Question 27

What does plasma transport and where?

Answer 27

* Glucose (away from small intestine) * Carbon dioxide (to lungs) * Urea (to kidneys)

Question 28

Adaptation for RBCS?

Answer 28

* No nucleus so more space for haemoglobin * Bioconcave shape to give greater surface area for oxygen to diffuse faster

Question 29

What are treatments for heart disease?

Answer 29

* Stents * Statins * Biological/mechanical valves

Question 30

What are risk factors to heart disease?

Answer 30

* Lifestyle * High intake of fat * Diet * Exercise * Smoking * Age

Question 31

What causes heart disease?

Answer 31

Build up of fatty material (cholesterol) on arteries from too much intake of fats

Question 32

What do stents do?

Answer 32

They hold coronary arteries open to increase blood flow | usually where an artery has been constricted by a build up of fat

Question 33

Coronary heart disease causes?

Answer 33

Less oxygen to reach the heart which could lead to heart attack or failure

Question 34

What is an enzyme?

Answer 34

A biological catalyst

Question 35

What do enzymes do?

Answer 35

Increase the rate of reaction

Question 36

Lipase, amylase and protase are all examples of what?

Answer 36

Digestive enzymes

Question 37

What do lipids break down into?

Answer 37

Fatty acids, glycerol

Question 38

What does starch break down into?

Answer 38

Glucose

Question 39

What are limiting factors to optimum enzymes?

Answer 39

pH level, temperature

Question 40

How do enzymes become denatured?

Answer 40

Under extreme temperatures or pH

Question 41

What is the lock and key theory?

Answer 41

Enzyme has an active site that is complimentary to a specific substrate. This substrate binds to the active site, producing an enzyme substrate complex, which then breaks down the substrate.

Question 42

What do protein break down into?

Answer 42

Amino acids

Question 43

Ribosomes are?

Answer 43

The site of protein synthesis

Question 44

Where are amylase produced?

Answer 44

Salivary glands

Question 45

Where are protease and lipids produced?

Answer 45

Small intestine

Question 46

Why is the heart a double circulatory system?

Answer 46

This is because the blood flows through two circuits (one to the lungs, one to the rest of the body)

Question 47

What is urea?

Answer 47

The waste product formed by the breakdown of excess amino acids

Question 48

Where is the pacemaker located

Answer 48

In the right atrium

Question 49

Does the arteries take blood to or away from the heart

Answer 49

Away

Question 50

Do the veins take blood to or away from the heart

Answer 50

To

Question 51

What is a tumour

Answer 51

Abdominal mass of cells that form when a group of cells undergo growth and division

Question 52

What are the risk factors for cancer

Answer 52

Smoking Obesity UV exposure Viral infection

Question 53

Are malignant tumours cancerous

Answer 53

Yes

Question 54

Are benign tumours cancerous and why

Answer 54

No as they are contained in one area ( normally the membrane)

Question 55

Why are malignant tumours cancerous

Answer 55

Because they are able to invade other tissues and spread to various parts of the body

Question 56

Where are amylase found?

Answer 56

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

Question 57

What is the role of gall bladder

Answer 57

Neutralise acid from the stomach Emulsifying fats

Question 58

Food test: lipids

Answer 58

Ethanol turns cloudy

Question 59

Food tests: proteins

Answer 59

Biuret solution blue turns purple

Question 60

Food test: glucose

Answer 60

Benedicts solution blue turns orange or red

Question 61

Food test: starch

Answer 61

Iodine solution brown to blue/black

Question 62

Adaptation of waxy cuticle?

Answer 62

Waxy to reduce water loss

Question 63

Why is palisade mesophyll transparent?

Answer 63

To allow light through for photosynthesis

Question 64

Where are chloroplasts located in the leave?

Answer 64

Palisade mesophyll tissue

Question 65

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 65

Leaves - palisade mesophyll tissue

Question 66

Adaptation of spongy mesophyll?

Answer 66

Has big air sapces to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into leave

Question 67

What tissue covers the whole plant?

Answer 67

Epidermis tissue

Question 68

Function of meristem tissue (hint stem)

Answer 68

Ability to differentiate to lots of cells

Question 69

Adaptation of phloem tissue?

Answer 69

Columns of elongated living cells Small pores at each end to let cell sap through

Question 70

Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to the atmosphere?

Answer 70

Water is transported in the xylem Water is evaporated out of the leaves through the stomata