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Human Health > Organisms And Population > Flashcards

Organisms And Population Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the subject which deals with interactions among organisms or btw an organism and its physical ( abiotic ) environmrnt .

A

Ecology

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2
Q

Ecology is mainly considered with __ levels of BIOLOGICAL ORGAISATIONS . Name -

A 
4 
Organisms 
Population 
Communities 
Biomes
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3
Q

Ecology at ___level is essentially physiological ecology which tries to understand how diff organisms are adapted to their environments in terms of not survival but also reproduction on .

A

Organismic level

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4
Q

__and ____account for the formation of major BIOMES .

A

Annual Variation in intensity and TEMPERATURE resulting in seasons
Annual variation in precipitation ( rain and snow )

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5
Q

Name 3 major biomes .

A

Desert
Rainforest
Tundra

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6
Q

Major biomes of India -

A

Tropical rain forests
Deciduous forest
Desert
Sea coast

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7
Q

Regional and LOCAL variations within in each boneless to the formation of _____ .

A

Wide variety of HABITATS

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8
Q

Name a few extreme and harsh habitats -

A 
Scorching Rajasthan desert 
Rain-soaked Meghalaya forest
Deep ocean trenches 
Torrential streams 
Permafrost ( snow laden) polar regions 
High mountain tops 
Thermal springs 
Stinking compost pits
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9
Q

The key element that lead to so much variation in physical and chemical conditions of diff habitats ?

A

Temp
Water
Light
Soil

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10
Q

The BIOTIC components that characterise the habitats of an organism -

A

Pathogens
Parasites
Predators
Competitors

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11
Q

What all together comprises the NICHE -

A

Orgnism’s : DEFINED RANGE OF CONDITIONS it can tolerate
DIVERSITY IN RESOURCES it can utilise
DISTINCT FUNCTIONAL ROLE in the ecological system

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12
Q

____ is the most important ECOLOGICALLY RELEVANT environmental factor -

A

Temperature

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13
Q

The temp ___ progressives from plains to mountain tops .

A

Dec

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14
Q

Mango trees cannot grow in ____ contrives like ___and____ .

A

Temperate
Germany
Canada

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15
Q

__are not found in Kerala .

A

Snow leopards

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16
Q

TUNA fish is rarely caught BEYOND ______ .

A

Tropical latitudes in the ocean

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17
Q

Significance of temp can be appreciated when we realize that it affects the ____of enzymes and through it ___ and _____ of the organism .

A

Kinetics
Metabolic activity
Other physiological functions

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18
Q

The organisms that can tolerate and thrive in a wide range of temp -

A

Eurythermal

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19
Q

Vast majority of organisms are ____ .( wrt to temp )

A

Stenothermal

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20
Q

The levels of THERMAL TOLERANCE of diff species determine to a large extent their ______ .

A

Geographical distribution

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21
Q

_____is another ( 2nd imp ) factor influencing the life of organisms .

A

Water

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22
Q

Life on earth originated in __and is ____without it .

A

Water

Unsustainable

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23
Q

The ___and ____ of PLANTS is also heavily dependent on water .

A

Productivity

Distribution

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24
Q

For aquatic organisms , the ____ of water becomes important .

A

QUALITY ( chemical composition , pH )

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25
Q

The salt conc ( salinity) is _____ in INLAND WATERS .

A

Less than < 5 ( parts per thousand )

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26
Q

The salinity in parts per thousand in the SEA is -

A

30 -35

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27
Q

Salinity in parts per thousand in HYPERSALINE LAGOONS is -

A

> ( more than 100 )

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28
Q

Many ___ animals cannot live in the sea for long becoz of osmotic problems .

A

Freshwater

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29
Q

Many species of ______ plants growing in forests are adapted to photosynthesise optimally under very LOW LIGHT conditions . Why ?

A

Small plants -herbs and shrubs

Becoz they are constantly overshadowed by tall , canopies trees

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30
Q

For many animals , light is imp in that they use the ___ and __varaition in light intensity and duration ( photoperiods ) as cues for timing their ____, ___and _____activities .

A

Foraging
Reproductive
Migratory

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31
Q

The availability of light on land is closely linked with that of ____ .

A

Temp

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32
Q

Deep , _____ m in the oceans , the inhabitants are not aware of the celestial source of energy called SUN .

A

> 500m

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33
Q

The __component of spectrum is harmful to many organisms .

A

UV

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34
Q

Not all the ____ components are available for MARINE plants livin at depths .

A

Colour components of visible spectrum

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35
Q

The ____and____of soil in diff places vary.

A

Nature

Properties

36
Q

Nature and properties are dependent on ___ , ____ ,____ and ____ .

A

Climate
Weathering process
whether soil is transported or sedimentary
How soil development occured

37
Q

Percolation means -

A

Water holding capacity of soil

38
Q

Various chars such as ____ , ____ and ____ determine percolation and water holding capacity of soi .

A

Soil composition
Grain size
Aggregation

39
Q

Chars which determine to a large extent the vegetation in any area -

A

Soil related -
Soil compostion ,grain size and aggregation
+
PH , mineral composition and TOPOGRAPHY

40
Q

In aquatic environment , the _____ often determine the type of __aimal that can thrive there .

A

Sediment -characteristic

BENTHIC animals

41
Q

__is revered to as the FATHER OF ECOLOGY in INDIA .

A

Ramdeo misra

42
Q

Due to the efforts of RAMDEO MISRA , ___ was established .

A

Ministry of environment and forests

43
Q

The constant internal environment could be in terms of -

A

Optimal temp

Osmotic conc of body fluids

44
Q

During the course of evolution , some organisms have developed constancy in their internal environment called ____ to enhance the overall fitness of the species .

A

Homeostasis

45
Q

Some organisms are able to maintain homeostasis by ___means . This is called -

A

Physiological ( sometimes behavorial ) means

Regulate

46
Q

Who all are capable of regulation ( thermal and osmotic regulation )

A

All birds
All mammals
Very few lower vertebrate and invertebrate species

47
Q

_____ believe that the success of ____ is largely due to their ability to maintain a constant body temp .

A

Evolutionary biologists

Mammals

48
Q

In summers , when the outside temp is higher than that of our body , we ____ and in winters ,we ____ .

A

Sweat

Shiver

49
Q

An overwhelming majority , nearly 99% of animals and nearly ALL PLANTS are -

A

Conformers - cannot maintain their constant internal environment

50
Q

In aquatic animals , the osmotic conc of body fluids __with the ambient osmotic conc .

A

Changes

51
Q

_____ is ENERGETICALLY expensive for many organisms .

A

Thermoregulation

52
Q

Theroregulation is energetically expensive for what kind of animals ?

A

Small animals - like shrews and humming birds

53
Q

Heat loss or heat gain is a function of ____ .

A

SA

54
Q

Small animals have a __ SA relative to volume .

A

Large

55
Q

What are the consequences of having a large SA relative to volume ?

A

These animals tend to lose heat very fast when it is cold outside

56
Q

Why do small animals tend to lose heat very fast when it is cold outside ?

A

Becoz they have to expend too much energy to generate body heat through metabolism . Very expensive .

57
Q

_____ animals are rarely found in the polar regions . Why ?

A

Small

Large SA relative to vol .

58
Q

Who are partial regulators ?

A

Some species have evolved the ability to regulate but only over a limited range of environmental conditions , beyond which they simply conform .

59
Q

The organisms can move away temporarily from stressful habitat to a more hospitable area and return when stressful period is over . This is called -

A

Migration

60
Q

Migration is _____

A

Temporary

61
Q

Migration is usually performed by -

A

Birds

62
Q

Many birds , during___ undertake long distance migrations to more hospitable areas .

A

Winter

63
Q

Every winter , the famous ____ in ___ hosts thousands of migratory birds coming from SIBERIA and other EXTREMELY COLD NORTHERN REGIONS .

A

Keolado national park ( BHARATPUR )

Rajasthan

64
Q

Suspension is performed by -

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Lower plants

65
Q

In bacteria , fungi and lower plants , various kinds of ____ are formed which help them to survive unfavourable conditions .

A

Thick-walled spores

66
Q

In higher plants , __serve as means to tide over periods of stress .

A

Seeds

Other vegetative reproductive structures

67
Q

Seeds reduce their metabolic activity and go into a state of -

A

Dormancy

68
Q

In animals , the organism if unable to migrate ,might avoid the stress by____ .

A

Escaping in time

69
Q

Example of escape in time -

A

Hibernation by bears 🐻

70
Q

Hibernation is done by ____ during ____ .

A

Bears

Winter

71
Q

Some ____and _____ go into aestivation .

A

Snails 🐌

Fishes.

72
Q

Aestivation is done to avoid _________ .

A

Summer related problems -HEAT and DESSICATION

73
Q

Under unfavourable conditions many __SPECIES in lakes and ponds are known to enter DIAPAUSE , a stage of suspended development .

A

Zooplankton

74
Q

How to organisms adapt behaviourally ?

A

Migrating temporarily to a less stressful habitat

75
Q

_____is any attribute of the organism that enables the organism to survive and reproduce in the habitat .

A

Adaptation

76
Q

Types of adaptation -

A

Morphological
Physiological
Behavioural

77
Q

Many adaptations are ____fixed .

A

Genetically

78
Q

The kangaroo rate is able to meet all of its water requirements through _____ .

A

It’s INTERNAL FAT OXIDATION - in which water is a byproduct .

79
Q

The kangaroo rat is found in -

A

North American deserts 🏜

80
Q

Kangaroo rat has the ability to _____ so that MINIMAL AMT O WATER IS USED TO REMOVE EXCRETORY PRODUCTS .

A

Conc its urine

81
Q

Byproduct of internal fat oxidation in kangaroo rat -

A

Water

82
Q

What kind of adaptation is seen in kangaroo rat -

A

Genetic
Not behavorial
Maybe physiological

83
Q

Autecology means -

A

Relation of an organism to its environment

84
Q

Many desert pants have what kind of adaptations to minimize water loss through transpiration -

A

Thick cuticle on their leaf surface

Stomata arranged in deep pits ( sunken ) to minimize water loss

85
Q

What does CAM pathway enable plants to do ?

A

Keep stomata closed during day

86
Q

Some desert plants like ___have no leaves .

A

Opuntia - leaves reduced to spines

87
Q

In opuntia , the photosynthetic function is performed by -

A

Stem ( flattened )

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