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Spinal > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 basic tissues of the human body?*

A

Epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissue

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2
Q

What is osteology?

A

The study of bone

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3
Q

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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4
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?*

A

Osteoblast - form bone
Osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone
Ostoeclast - remodel bone

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5
Q

What are the bone cells embedded in?*

A

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

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6
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?*

A

glycosaminoglycans

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7
Q

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominant in bone?

A

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates and hyaluronic acid

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8
Q

what is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?*

A

collagen type I

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9
Q

What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

A

calcium, phosphate, citrate and carbonate ions

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10
Q

what is the most frequently described deposit in bone?*

A

hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium and radium

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12
Q

what is wolff’s law as it pertains to bone?*

A

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to various stressors

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13
Q

what three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?*

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

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14
Q

bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?*

A

mesenchyme and/or cartilage

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15
Q

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?*

A

intramembranous ossification

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16
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?*

A

from the second to third month in utero

17
Q

what part of the axial skeleton is primary formed by intramembranous ossification?*

A

the skull

18
Q

which of the skull bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

A

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones & the greater wing of the sphenoid

19
Q

which bone of the appendicular skeleton is partially formed by intramembranous ossification?*

A

the clavicle

20
Q

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?*

A

endochondral ossification

21
Q

what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?*

A

from the second to fifth month in utero

22
Q

what part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?*

A

chondrocranium

23
Q

what bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

A

the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

24
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

25
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the clavicle

26
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?*

A

primary centers of ossification appear before birth

secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

27
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

cortical or compact bone and spongy/cancellous or trabecular bone

28
Q

What is the namegien to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

subchondral bone

29
Q

what is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

the periosteum

30
Q

what is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

the endosteum

31
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?*

A

sexual dimorphism, ontogenetic variation, geographic or population-based variation and idiosyncratic variation

32
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

sexual dimorphism or gender variation

33
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

ontogenetic variation

34
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

geographic variation or population based variation

35
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

A

idiosyncratic variation

Spinal (3 decks)

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