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AP Bio > Other Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Other Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

How many exceptions are there to Mendel’s principles? (That we learned)

A

CUATRO

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2
Q

What are the CUATRO exceptions to Mendel’s principles?

A

Multiple alleles, polygenic traits, incomplete dominance, and codominance

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3
Q

What are a majority of hooman traits

A

polygenic traits

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4
Q

Polygenic Traits

A

Traits that are controlled by more than one GENE

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5
Q

What are some examples of polygenic traits?

A

fruit fly eyes, human skin color, human height

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6
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

Many genes have more than two alleles rather than just two like (Tt)

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7
Q

What are some examples of traits controlled by multiple alleles?

A

ABO blood typing

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8
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

heterozygous genotype and you get a blend of both traits

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9
Q

What are some examples of incomplete dominance?

A

some flowers such as the 4’o’clock flower

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10
Q

Codominance

A

heterozygous and you can CLEEEARLY see both of the alleles (red + white)

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11
Q

________ _______ can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits

A

Environmental Conditions

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12
Q

Complete dominance

A

when you are heterozygous for a trait, the dominant allele is seen in the phenotype

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13
Q

What is another term for Environmental Conditions

A

epigenetic

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14
Q

What are some examples of environmental conditions affecting organisms?

A

The amount of red blood cells produced, the darker pigmentation in butterfly wings

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15
Q

How are butterfly wings affected by environmental conditions?

A

The pigmentation of their wings is lighter in spring because they need to absorb less sunlight and is darker in winter because they need to absorb more sunlight (to absorb heat and to dry)

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16
Q

Are all traits affected by environmental conditions?

A

no

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17
Q

Mendelian Inheritance

A

combination of postulates that mendel created

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18
Q

What is the difference between polygenic traits and multiple alleles?

A

Multiple alleles — different forms of genes control a single gene
Polygenic traits —- multiple genes control a single trait

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19
Q

What type of genotypic/phenotypic relationship is the most common in life

A

incomplete dominance

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20
Q

How can you tell if something is a polygenic trait

A

if its not determined by a specific one choice or another (like height isn’t you’re either 3’2 or 6’5 or hair color isn’t black or white)

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21
Q

Universal donor

A

O-

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22
Q

Universal acceptor

A

AB+

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23
Q

What kind of antigens does type A blood have

A

a antigens

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24
Q

What kind of antigens does type b blood have

A

b antigens

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25
What kind of antigens does type AB blood have
a and b antigens
26
What kind of antigens does type O blood have
no (0) antigens
27
why is type AB+ blood considered the universal acceptor
bc it recognizes all proteins (both a and b) so it can get type a and type b blood. it can also get type o blood bc it has not antigens to recognize in the first place
28
why is type o- considered universal donor
bc it has not proteins(antigens) on its surface so it doesn't trigger an attack response of the proteins on its surface bc there aren't any
29
example of multiple alleles irl
ABO blood typing
30
what is the recessive allele in ABO blood type
O (i)
31
Polygenic traits can be multiple alleles True or False
True
32
Nature vs. Nurture
do environmental factors change our body or genes
33
are the phenotypic/genotypic relationships mutually exclusive
NOOOOOOOO U CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE SLAY
34
multifactorial characters
things can change ur body according to the environment but a VERY SMALL amt of this can be controlled by genes
35
examples of things that are affected by multifactorial characters
number of blood cells
36
Pedigree
Family tree following one characteristic one generation to the next
37
examples of recessively inherited disorders
cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs disease, and sickle-cell disease
38
Why does cystic fibrosis occur
Malfunctioning tissues because cell membrane proteins cannot transport chloride ions
39
What does cystic fibrosis cause
Serious digestive problems thick heavy mucus which clogs lungs and pancreas and bacterial infection
40
Is cystic fibrosis a recessive or dominant disorder
Recessive
41
Why are there many people with cystic fibrosis even though it is fatal
Because when there is only one copy of the CF allele it is not expressed and instead fights against other diseases
42
why is being heterozygous for _____ good
SICKLE CELL DISEASE bc you will only be a carrier and you are immune to malaria
43
In pedigrees, squares represent
males
44
circles in pedigrees are
females
45
In pedigrees, a vertical line and a bracket connects
parent to children/siblings
46
In pedigrees, non shaded shapes represent
no expression of trait
47
in pedigrees shaded shapes represent
expression of trait
48
In pedigrees, horizontal lines between males and females represent
mating
49
In pedigrees, half shaded, half not shaded shapes represent
Heterozygous for trait or could be one of two genotypes - no way of knowing for sure
50
Tay Sachs Disease
vesicle eats fat and then it stays in a neuron and all them fat vesicles accumulate which impedes brain function
51
Tay Sachs disease age expectancy? treatment?
death and no treatment
52
sickle cell disease caused
Caused by a defective allele for beta globin
53
Is sickle cell disease recessive or dominant
recessive
54
Beta globin
One of the two polypeptides in hemoglobin
55
What is the life expectancy of someone with sickle cell disease
42-47
56
Why is the defective allele for beta globin bad
It makes hemoglobin less soluble which causes it molecules stick together when the blood oxygen level decreases This causes the molecules to clump into Long fibers making the cell sickle shaped
57
sickle cells are bad because
Sickle cells are more rigid than red blood cells which makes them stick to the walls of capillaries Which causes blockages of blood flow
58
Is there a cure for sickle cell disease
bone marrow transplant
59
heterozygote advantage
good for sickle cell disease because u become immune to malaria
60
sickle cell disease is ____
codominant
61
examples of dominantly inherited disorders
huntington's disease and achondroplasia
62
hungtingon's disease
by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; fatal 10 to 20 years upon onset. Neurogological breakdown of neurons in the brain (degeneration) dominant disorder
63
achondroplasia
form of dwarfism; bone disorder; dominant disorder
64
multifactorial diseases
you and your genetics can have an impact on these diseases
65
examples of multifactorial diseases
things with sugar and cardiovascular health and stuff
66
Carrier recognition
Carrier testing looking to see if you have a recessive allele. Can be discovered before birth or conception.
67
Amniocentesis done when
14-16th week of pregnancy
68
amniocentesis?
commonly done on OLD woman; test if the kid in the womb has a disease
69
amniocentesis process
take amniotic fluid by sticking needle in abdomen and then making a karyotype on the fetal cells and see if there's disorders
70
chorionic villus sampling done when
8-10th week of pregnancy
71
chorionic villus sampling process
stick a tube in the vaginal opening and take cells from the chronic villi from the placenta and do a karyotype on it and do biochem tests to see if there's diseases
72
PKU
prick test on the heel of a newborn baby to test for disorders
73
what is a common disease that is tested for in PKU
Phenylketonuria
74
Phenylketonuria
when a newborn cant break down phenolthaline and so it gets stuck in the blood which can cause neurological disorders and even death
75
Phenylketonuria cure?
no js watch the diet and make sure they don't eat foods with phenolthaline

AP Bio (70 decks)

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