Other Terms to Know

Question 1

swidden

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Question 2

pivotal

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Question 3

deity

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Question 4

civilization

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Question 5

Imagined order

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A created, shared story that does not exist outside of human experience: political doctrines, religions, ideologies, philosophies, social conventions, human rights, and mythologies are all examples.

Question 6

Presentism

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The error of looking at and judging the past through the lens of a contemporary imagined order or social construct

Question 7

Error of hindsight

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The mistake of looking at the past and forgetting that the people alive at the time had no idea what the future would hold or the outcome of their actions.

Question 8

Hegemony

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Question 9

Exogenesis

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The creation of new ethnic groups as a result of cultural contact.

Question 10

Periodization

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Question 11

Unit of analysis

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The conceptual/physical scale (as opposed to time scale) at which you place your historical analysis. For example, are you focusing on individuals? Families? Towns? Nations? Empires? The globe?

Question 12

Axial Age

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Question 13

Interregional

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Between two separate regions. Often used when talking about trade or flow of ideas between two separate regions, such as between Rome and China or the Mediterranean and Sub-Saharan Africa

Question 14

Levant

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The countries bordering on the eastern Mediterranean Sea from Turkey to Egypt.

Question 15

littoral

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Adj. or N. Pertaining to a coast; A coastal region; a shore.

Question 16

homogenous

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Question 17

heterogeneous

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Question 18

spatial

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Question 19

temporal

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Question 20

proximate versus ultimate

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Proximate versus ultimate causes

When identifying the cause or causes of an event, one should identify both the proximate (immediate) causes and also the ultimate causes. The proximate causes are usually more specific events occurring on a small time frame; the ultimate causes may be broader, long-term events occurring on a longer time frame. For example, the proximate causes of the Yom Kippur War between Israel and its neighbors involved diplomatic breakdowns, specific military actions, and the goals and decisions of specific rulers. However, the ultimate causes for the war go back farther to Israeli treatment of Muslims, the creation of Israel, and long-term rivalry between Judaism and Islam for control of the Holy Land.

Proximate versus ultimate frame of analysis

In world history, the ultimate frame of analysis is human society in general, and the proximate frame of analysis is the region(s), time frame, and/or themes one studies to gain insight into the world. (Manning 2003 p. 273)

Question 21

diffusion

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A one-way interaction in which an item leaves place A and spreads to place B and many other places, implanting itself in the new place without changing.

Question 22

syncretism

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Especially used when referring to religion; when a group of believers retain ideas from its own past but also adopts religious beliefs from one or more additional traditions.

Question 23

typology

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Question 24

paradigm

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