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Flashcards in Paeds Deck (61)
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1
Q

what conditions can occur alongside ADHD

A
  • autism
  • oppositional defiant disorder
  • conduct disorder
  • tics and tourettes
2
Q

what are the 4 groups of developmental milestones

A

gross motor
fine motor & vision
hearing and language
social skills

3
Q

3 steps in managing chronic fatigue syndrome

A
  1. anchor wake up time
  2. don’t oversleep
  3. limit physical activity
4
Q

when do children start and stop ‘headbanging’

A

start 12m and stop around 3yrs

5
Q

two types of disordered attachment

A
  1. insecure avoidant attachment

2. insecure disorganised

6
Q

Management of cows milk intolerance

A

replace milk feeds with hydrolysed formula then reintroduce milk with the milk ladder

7
Q

signs that a child is ready for solids

A
  1. putting fists/toys in mouth
  2. watching you eat
  3. hungry between feeds
8
Q

3 stages of weaning

A
  1. smooth textures- start runny then thicken
  2. lumpy textures (mashed)- 9m
  3. chopped family food- 12m
    (still need about 600ml milk)
9
Q

causes of faltering growth

A
  1. reduced intake- neglect, GORD, refusal
  2. malabsorption
  3. increased metabolic demand- chronic disease, malignancy
10
Q

causes of delayed puberty

A
  1. consitutional delay
  2. systemic disease
  3. Genetic syndromes- kallmans, turner’s klinefelters
11
Q

causes of short stature

A
  1. cushings syndrome
  2. hypothyroidism (esp autoimmune)
  3. chronic disease (CF)
  4. GH deficient
12
Q

common cause for subdural haematoma in children

A

NAI

13
Q

Immediate management of meningitis

A

> 3m- im benpen and admit to hosp for iv ceftriaxome

<3m- admit for cefotaxime + amox

14
Q

what medication would you give alongside antibiotics for a child who has pneumonia caused by H.influenzae

A

Dexamethasone

15
Q

which type of spina bifida has no neuro signs

A

meningocele

myelomenigocele does

16
Q

clinical features of NF-1

A
  1. > 5 cafe au lait spots
  2. neurofibromas (along path of any peripheral nerve)
  3. axillary freckling
  4. optic glioma
17
Q

clinical features of tuberous sclerosis

A
  1. ash leaf depigmented lesions
  2. adenoma sebaceum on face
  3. infantile spasms/epilepsy
18
Q

name 3 types of epilepsy in childhood (that we need to know)

A
  1. childhood absence 2-10yrs- provoked by hyperventilation–> sodium valproate
  2. childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes –> no tx needed
  3. juvenile myoclonic epilepsy- 7-10yrs provoked by sleep deprivation, can occur in the morning - life long sodium valproate
19
Q

what is Gower’s sign

A

when children turn prone to rise from seat normal until 3m

20
Q

what is malrotation of the gut associated with

A
  • congenital diaphragmatic hernia
  • duodenal atresia
  • causes volvulus
21
Q

Hirschsprung disease

  • definitive diagnosis
  • initial treatment
  • definitive treatment
A
  • full thickness rectal biopsy
  • bowel irrigation
  • anorectal pull through operation
22
Q

classic presentation of mesenteric adenitis

A

central abdominal pain following URTI

23
Q

in which conditions does meconium ileus commonly present

A
  • Hirschsprung disease

- CF

24
Q

Main cause of prolonged jaundice with conjugated bilirubin

A

Biliary atresia (will eventually need liver transplant)

25
Q

AXR sign of intussception

A

Donut sign- concentric circles of hypoechogenic and echogeneic loops of bowel

26
Q

pathogneumonic sign of nec (AXR)

A

Intramural gas

27
Q

what disorders are screened for at d5 heel prick

A
  • CF
  • Hypothyroidism
  • PKU
  • MCADD
28
Q

Heart defects

  • Down’s Syndrome
  • Edward’s syndrome
  • Patau’s syndrome
  • Turner’s syndrome
  • William’s syndrome
  • Noonan’s
  • Marfans
A
  • AVSD
  • VSD
  • VSD
  • Coarctation of aorta, bicuspid aortic valve
  • SVAS
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • aortic dissection
29
Q

sx of DKA

A
  • pear drop breath
  • kussmauls breathing
  • vomiting
  • dehydration
  • abdo pain
  • drowsiness
30
Q

Rx of DKA

A
  1. Fluids- correct SLOWLY 48-72hrs
  2. insulin (sc or iv)
  3. monitor K+ and supplement when needed
31
Q

causes of hypoglycaemia

A
  • insulin excess (diabetics)
  • Inborn errors of metabolism
  • CAH
32
Q

define perthes disease

A

avascular necrosis of epiphyses of the femoral head

33
Q

what is osgood schlatters

A

osteochondritis
presents in physically active young men which knee pain after exercise which can swell, improves with rest
needs physio

34
Q

main association of toricolis

A

sternocleidomastoid tumour

35
Q

initial treatment of encephalitis

A

likely cause in kids is herpes so high dose aciclovir

36
Q

what is Nikolsky sign

A
  • in SSSS where areas of epidermis separate on gentle lateral pressure
37
Q

really bad complication of a staph/strep infection

A

Toxic shock syndrome

38
Q

best diagnostic test in babies with HIV infected mothers

A

ideally within 3 months of birth HIV DNA PCR after 2 weeks of ART

39
Q

Sx of malaria

A
  • fever
  • D+V
  • Jaundice
  • Flu-ey
  • anaemia
40
Q

Sx of typhoid

A
  • worsening fever
  • headache
  • abdo pain & malaise
  • rose coloured spots
41
Q

when does infantile haemangioma present

A

not at birth- usually around 4 weeks

42
Q

triad of sturge weber syndrome

A
  • port wine stain in V1-V3 distribution
  • epilepsy
  • ipsilateral ocular abnormalities
43
Q

presentation of scarlet fever

A
  • fever
  • headache
  • strawberry tongue
  • maculopapular rash that starts on chest and abdo and has a ROUGH sandpaper feel
44
Q

most common presentation of herpes in kids

A
  • herpetic gingivostomatitis- ulcerative lesions of gingiva and mucosa of mouth with a black crust
45
Q

associated with multiple congential melanocytic naevi

A
  • neurocutaneous melanosis
46
Q

sx of measles

A

TRIAD: conjuctivitis, coryza, cough
Koplik spots on mucosa
rash starts post-auricular and descends down body and desquamates by week 2

47
Q

when are complications of measles more likely

A

if vitamin A deficient

48
Q

risk factors for upper UTIs

A
  • non-ecoli UTI
  • recurrent fevers
  • FH of vesicoureteric reflux
  • enlarged bladder
49
Q

define hypertension

A

BP >95th centile for height, age, sex

50
Q

treatment of AKI

A
  1. hyperkalaemia- calcium gluconate/insulin
  2. acid-base: rectify
  3. fluids if pre-renal: fluids if renal: fluid restrict
51
Q

causes of chronic kidney disease

A
  • structural malformation
  • glomerulonephritis
  • hereditary nephropathies
  • systemic disease
52
Q

when is night time continence usually achieved

A

by 3-4 years

53
Q

differences between hernia and hydrocele

A

both due to patent ductus vaginalis in hydrocele its more constricted

hernia: unilateral, tender, intermittent swelling on straining
hydrocele: asymptomatic bilateral bluish and can transilluminate

54
Q

causes of anaemia in the newborn

A
  • red cell aplasia

- congenital infection- parvovirus b19

55
Q

how does immune thrombocytopenia present

A

in 2-10year olds

typically after viral infection with petechiae, superficial bruising

56
Q

three main thromophilias in kids

A

1) protein c deficiency
2. protein s deficiency
3. Factor V Leiden

57
Q

Management of viral croup

A

oral dexamethasone and steroid nebs

58
Q

when to R–>L babies present

A

Day 2 of life- when duct closes

59
Q

baby with congenital heart disease presents with 3d fever- what are you worried about?

A

endocarditis

60
Q

cause of heart failure in older children

A

dilated cardiomyopathy- usually post viral

61
Q

common cause of sudden death in young adults

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy