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ABDOMINAL II (DMS 122) > pancreas > Flashcards

pancreas Flashcards

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1
Q

PANCREATITIS OCCURS WHEN?

A

the pancreas becomes damaged and malfunctions as a result of increased secretion and blockage of ducts

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2
Q

What is an acute attack of pancreatitis commonly related to?

A

alcoholism & biliary tract disease

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3
Q

Patients with pancreatitis typically present with

A

moderate to severe tenderness in the epigastrium radiating to teh back

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4
Q

when swelling does occur, the gland is hypoechoic to anechoic and is less echogenic than the liver becuase of the increased prominence of?

A

lobulations and congested vessels

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5
Q

the pancreatic duct may be obstructed in acute pancreatitis as a result of?

A

inflammation, spasm, edema, swelling of the papilla, and pseudocyst

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6
Q

fluid collections around the pancreatic ____, along the ____ spaces, within the ____ pouch, and around the ____ may be present in a patient with acute pancreatitis

A

*bed *pararenal *Morison’s *duodenum

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7
Q

patients with acute pancreatitis may develop complications, such as?

A

pseudocyst, phlegmon, abscess, hemorrhage, and duodenal obstruction

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8
Q

courvoisier’s gallbladder

A

enlargement of the GB caused by a slow, progressive obstruction of the distal CBD from an external mass, such as adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head

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9
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

hereditary disease that causes excessive production of thick mucus by the endocrine glands

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10
Q

hypercalcemia

A

elevated levels of calcium in the blood

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11
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

congenital condition in which elevated fat levels cause pancreatitis

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12
Q

ileus

A

dilated loops of bowel without peristalsis; associated with various abdominal problems, including pancreatitis, sickle cell crisis, and bowel obstruction

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13
Q

leukocytosis

A

abnormal increase in WBC’s caused by infections

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14
Q

serum amylase

A

pancreatic enzyme that is elevated during pancreatitis

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15
Q

lipase

A

pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats; enzyme is elevated in pancreatitis and remains increased longer than amylase

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16
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

portion of the pancreas that has an endocrine function and produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostin

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17
Q

insulin

A

hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver and that allows circulating glucose to enter tissue cells

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18
Q

glucagons

A

stimulates the liver to convert the glycogen to glucose; produced by alpha cells

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19
Q

exocrine

A

the kind of pancreatic function that involves the production and digestion of pancreatic juice

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20
Q

endocrine

A

the kind of pancreatic function that involves the production of the hormone insulin

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21
Q

amylase

A

enzyme secreted by the pancreas to aid in the digestion of carbs

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22
Q

acini cells

A

cells that perform exocrine function

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23
Q

uncinate process

A

small, curved tip of the pancreatic head that lies posterior to the SMV

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24
Q

tail of the pancreas

A

tapered end of the pancreas that lies in the left hypochondrium near the hilus of the spleen and upper pole of the LT Kidney

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25
superior mesenteric vein
lies posterior to the neck or body of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process of the gland
26
superior mesenteric artery
serves as the posterior border to the body of the pancreas
27
portal-splenic confluence
junction of the splenic and MPV; posterior border of the body of the pancreas
28
pancreaticoduodenal arteries
help supply blood to the pancreas along with the splenic artery
29
neck of the pancreas
small area of the pancreas between the head and the body; anterior to the SMV
30
head of the pancreas
lies in the C-loop of the duodenum; the gastroduodenal artery is the anterolateral border, and the CBD is the posterolateral border
31
duct of wirsung
largest duct of the pancreas that drains the tail, body, and head of the gland; it joins the CBD to enter teh duodenum through the amupulla of vater
32
duct of santorini
small accessory duct of the pancreas found in the head of the gland
33
dorsal pancreatic artery
branch of the splenic artery that supplies the body of the pancreas
34
common hepatic artery
forms the right superior border of the body and head of the pancreas and gives rise to the GDA
35
C-loop of the duodenum
forms the lateral border of the head of the pancreas
36
caudal pancreatic artery
branch of the splenic artery that supplies the tail of the pancreas
37
body of the pancreas
lies in the midepigastrium anterior to the SMA and SMV, AO, and IVC
38
lymphoma
malignant neoplasm that arises from the lymphoid tissues
39
obstructive jaundice
excessive bilirubin in the bloodstream caused by obstruction of bile from the liver.
40
pancreatic ascites
fluid accumulation by a rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the abdomen (very dangerous)
41
pancreatic pseudocyst
-"sterile abscess" - enzymes accumulate in available space in the abdomen
42
pancreatitis
-inflammation of the pancreas -may be acute or chronic
43
pseudocyst
contains fluid but has no true endothelial lining membrane
44
The pancreas is located in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
retroperitoneal cavity
45
the pancreas is located posterior to the
-stomach -duodenum -proximal jejunum of the small bowel
46
pancreatic glad appears sonographically \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_to slightly more ________ than the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
-isoechoic -hyperechoic -hepatic parenchyma
47
posterior vascular landmarks of the pancreas are
-aorta -IVC
48
The head of the pancreas lies _____ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_
-anterior -IVC
49
SMV crossed ______ to the ______ of the head of the gland
-anterior -uncinate process
50
SMV crosses posterior to the _______ and ______ of the pancreas
-neck -body
51
the tortuous _________ is the ______ border of the pancreas.
-splenic artery -superior
52
the tail of the pancreas lies ______ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- anterior - left kidney
53
the tail of the pancreas is ______ to the left ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
-posterior -colic flexure -transverse colon
54
the _______ enters the medial second part of the duodenum with the CBD at the ampulla of vater
- duct of wirsung
55
the ______ receives tributaries from lobules at right angle
duct of wirsung
56
blood supply for the pancreas is from the _______ and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- splenic artery - pancreaticoduodenal arteries
57
the ______ is seen along the _______ border of the pancreas as it travels along the _______ aspect of the pancreas head
- gastroduodenal artery (GDA) - anterolateral - anterior
58
the CBD crosses the _____ aspect of the PV to the ____ of the proper hepatic artery
-anterior -right
59
the PV is ______ to the IVC
anterior
60
the pancreas is a _______ ( exocrine) and a _______ (endocrine) gland.
- digestive - hormaonal
61
diabetes mellitus
failure of the pancreas to furnish insulin
62
exocrine function is perform by _______ of the pancreas
acini cells
63
Sphincter of Oddi
-muscle surrounding the ampulla of vater - relaxes to allow pancreatic juices & bile to empty into the duodenum
64
the endocrine function is located in the _______ in the pancreas
islets of langerhans
65
beta cells are most prevalent and produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a hormone that causes _______ formation from _______ to the liver
- insulin - glycogen - glucose
66
alpha cells produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a hormone that causes the cells to release ________ to meet energy needs
-glucagons -glucose
67
\_\_\_\_\_ are the smallest composition of the endocrine tissue and produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- delta cells - somatostatin
68
enzymes of the pancreas that become altered in pancreatic disease are
-amylase -lipase
69
the elevation in ________ concentration persists for a longer period in pancreatitis
lipase
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ controls the blood sugar level in the body
glusose
71
what is the water technique used to image the pancreas with ultrasound.
- pt. drinks 32-300ml through a straw - in an erect or lateral decubitus - fluid dills the duodenal cap - outlines the lateral margin of the head of the pancreas - upright position allows air to move from the gastric antrum to the fundus of the stomach - causes the upper viscera to move downward for a better sonograhic window
72
when the pancreas is enlarged, the ______ border of the _____ may depict'a slight indentation
- anterior - IVC
73
Grey Turner's sign
NECROSIS of the blood vessels results in the development of HEMORRHAGIC areas
74
phlegmon
- spread along facial pathways - causes diffuse inflammatory edema of soft tissue
75
chronic pancreatitis
- obstructed pancreatic duct -with a buildup of protein plugs -results in calcifications along the duct
76
how does a pseudocyst develops
pancreatic enzymes that escape the ductal system cause enzymatic digestion of surrounding tissue & pseudocyst development. The walls of the pseudocyst from various potential spaces in which escaped pancreatic enzymes are found. pseudocyst usually presents few symptoms until it becomes large enough to cause pressure on surrounding organ
77
the most common pseudocyst is in the
lesser sac
78
the lesser sac is ______ to the pancreas and ______ to the stomach
- anterior - posterior
79
A pseudocyst develops when ________ escape from the gland break down tissue to form _______ somewhere in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
- pancreatic enzymes - sterile abscess - stomach
80
adenocarcinoma
the most common primary neoplasm of the pancreas
81
what are the clinical findings in a patient with carcinoma of the pancreas
- wt loss - painless jaundice - nausea - vomiting - changes in stool
82
lymphoma
the most frequent parapancreatic neoplasm

ABDOMINAL II (DMS 122) (15 decks)

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