Suggest why vitamin D deficiency is More of a problem for children than for adults
Children’s bones are still growing whereas adult’s are fully developed
Vitamins are an essential part of a balanced diet.
Give three other components of a balanced diet.
Fat/lipids Carbohydrates Protein Fibre/roughage Water Mineral/so/ions
Suggest why is that sweet snacks, chocolate and soft drink is an unsustainable diet for children who are not very active
High on sugar/fat
Energy not used/not burn
Suggest the health problems that might develop if children have too much fat in their diets
Obesity/overweight Diabetes Heart disease/heart attack Block of arteries Stroke
Describe how you would carry out an experiment to find out the energy value of the potato crisp
Weigh crisp Burn crisp Make sure crisp is burned completely Heat water Hold burning Crisp underwater Find the volume of water Measure temperature before and after/temperature rise/change in temperature
Humans are affected by many viruses. Viruses only contain one sort of…….Acid/either DNA or…….
Nucleic
RNA
One virus, which causes the disease AIDS, is the……. virus. People with AIDS are vulnerable to infection because their…… system does not work so effectively. This means that they are not able to produce ..….blood cells that normally fight off infections by producing specific proteins called….That help to destroy pathogens
HIV
Immune
White
Antibodies
Diseases caused by viruses can be prevented by injecting the body with an inactive form of the virus. The method of injecting is known as…… And stimulates the bodies defence system to produce memory cells
Immunisation
Suggest how someone could accurately determine their body temperature
Put a thermometer in the mouth
Hormone?
Repairs uterus lining
Develops secondary sexual characteristic
Oestrogen
Hormone?
Maintains uterus lining
Prevents eight release
Progesterone
How does progesterone and oestrogen travel from the ovary to the uterus?
In the blood/plasma
Give two female secondary sexual characteristics
Breasts/mammary glands/nipples
Wide hips
Pubic hair
Menstruation/period
Name the process that cuts DNA in genetic modification/cloning
Restriction enzyme
In the enzyme that joins DNA
Ligase
Name a vector
Plasmid/virus/gene gun
A clone sheep is transgenic.
What is meant by the term transgenic?
Genes/DNA/allele from different species/human genes in sheep
A transgenic sheep can be produced by cloning.
Suggest the advantages of reproducing the transgenic sheep by cloning. (3 marks)
- Genetically identical/same jeans/same DNA/all sheep have the gene
- Produce the protein/plotting agent
- More human protein/clotting agents/mass production
- More sheep/many sheep/faster reproduction asleep/faster production of offspring
- Only have to GM once
Name the small structures in normal plasma that are involved in blood clotting
Platelets
Explain why it is important have blood that clots
Less blood loss
Less entry of microbes
Describe how the process of nitrification affects the availability of nitrates to plants
Nitrifying bacteria
Ammonia/ammonium provided to plants
Some farmers growing a vegetable such as clover in their field day then plough them into the soil for growing crops.
Suggest why they do this.
Nitrogen fixing bacteria Nitrogen into nitrates Ammonia Amino acids/proteins Growth/high yield Decompositions/decomposes Decomposing bacteria/Fungi Mineral ions/salts
Explain why only about 10% of the energy in cereal crop is transferred to organisms that eat the crop
Respiration
Not all eaten
Not all digested
Describe the biological consequences of cigarette smoking on the human lungs. (5 marks)
Emphysema Damage to alveoli Bronchitis Bacteria/infection Cilia damaged Build up of mucus Cancer/mutation Tar