Paper 1- Tectonic hazards Quakes + Volcanoes Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Paper 1- Tectonic hazards Quakes + Volcanoes Deck (11)
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1
Q

Why do people live in volcanic/ earthquake prone areas despite the risks

A

Economic reasons: e.g. fertile soils, mineral deposits, geothermal energy, opportunities for tourist industry

Social reasons: either tradition, social marginalisation or lack of awareness of risk

Perception is that the benefits outway the risks

2
Q

Managing the volcano hazard

A

Monitoring volcanoes in order to predict

create exclusion zones and evacuation plans

Equip and train emergency services

Educate the populace

Map and identify the most hazardous areas around a volcano and apply zoning rules to prevent construction

Study past eruptions to better understand the hazards of a specific volcano

3
Q

Methods of volcano monitoring

A

ground deformation, hydrology gas, geophysical measurements, remote sensing, seismicity

4
Q

What is necessary for a successful evacuation

A

An aware and educated public, Reliable prediction and warning systems

Escape routes

Management of the evacuation

Emergency shelters

5
Q

Speedy recovery relies upon

A

Access to emergency aid

resources to rebuild

A high level of insurance cover in the society

6
Q

immediate responses to a volcanic eruption

A

evacuation, provision of shelter, disaster relief etc

long-term response involves reconstruction of infrastructure and change in land use around volcano e.g. Mt Sy Helens designated as a national monument after 1980 eruption. development aid + training, education for sustainable development

7
Q

Managing the Earthquake hazard

A

total hazard impact = magnitude of earthquake + vulnerability of people

short + long term responses

8
Q

Reduce vulnerability to earhtquakes with:

A

Improved building construction: asymmetric design

Earthquake zoning

City planning and emergency procedures

better public understanding of earth quake hazard

E.g 2010 Haiti compared with Christchurch less impact

9
Q

What are the precursors that have been used to attempt earthquake prediction

A

Crustal movements (tilt meters)

Foreshock (minor tremors with seimograph)

Gas Emissions

Changes in the water table height

Increases in Electrical conductivity

10
Q

Why is it impossible to reliably predict earthquakes

A

Can be any combination of precursor or none

Predictions remain imprecise

Scientists can only give warnings based on prbabilities of occurance

11
Q

Why do LICs experience higher deaths and damage than developed countries?

A

Quality of building is inferior

Infrastructure is more easily damaged

Emergency services are fewer and not as well equiped

LIC governments have little money available for disaster relief and have to often rely on foreign aid