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Dermatology > Parasiticides and Insect Growth Regulators > Flashcards

Parasiticides and Insect Growth Regulators Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts to ectoparasite control?

A
  1. On the pet: kill the adult insects –> parasiticides
    • essential for flea insect allergic animals
  2. On the pet: prevent progression thru the life cycle –> insect growth regulators
    • should be incorporated into all flea control programs
  3. In the environment: control for adults and other life stages
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2
Q

What are the targets of parasiticides?

A
  • Axon –> voltage gated Na channels; GABA-glutamate or Cl channels
  • Synapse –> Ca, acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase
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3
Q

What 4 groups of parasiticides target axons?

A
  • Incr Na flux: pyrethrins/pyrethroids
  • Decr Na flux: metaflumizone, indoxacarb
  • Incr GABA gated glutamate channels: macrocyclic lactones
  • Decr GABA gated Cl channels: fipronil
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4
Q

What 4 groups of parasiticides target the synapses?

A
  • Choliesterase inhibitors: organophophates, carbamates
  • Activation of nAch receptor gated Ca channels: spinosad, spinoteram
  • Binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: imidacloprid, nitenpyran, dinotefuran
  • Monamine oxidase inhibitors: amitraz
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5
Q

Describe pyrethrins

A
  • incr Na permeability along axons
    • leads to hyperexcitation and death
  • derived from chrysanthemum
  • good:
    • safe - okay for cats and puppies
    • quick flea knock down
  • bad:
    • UV inactivated
    • short duration of action
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6
Q

Describe pyrethroids

A
  • Good:
    • binds to hair, skin
    • more photo-stable
    • longer duration of action
    • repels and kills fleas, ticks, mosquitoes if >2%
  • Bad:
    • incr toxicity
    • never apply directly to a cat!
      • ​>0.5% = toxic to cats
    • washed off by bathing
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7
Q

What are examples of pyrethroid/permethrin veterinary products?

A
  • Advantix II - 55% permethrin
  • Actvivyl plus
  • Vectra 3D - 33% permethrin,
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8
Q

Describe deltamethrin

A
  • pyrethroid ester insecticide
  • kills flea and ticks
  • repels mosquitoes, Culicoides
  • available as collar
  • last 6 mo
  • water resistant
  • can cause local irritation
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9
Q

Describe indoxacarb

A
  • blocks voltage dependent Na channels, interrupting the nerve impulse
  • results in reduced feeding, paralysis and death of flea
  • uses metabolic bioactivation in the flea to kill
  • safe for mammals
  • water safe, topical once a month
  • canine product also has permethrin
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10
Q

Describe fipronil

A
  • inhibits GABA gated Cl channels –> axonal hyperexcitation
  • flea adulticide
  • also used in agriculture
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11
Q

Describe Frontline Plus (fipronil + methoprene)

A
  • Good:
    • concentrates in sebaceous glands
    • photo-stable
    • safe for puppies and kittens
    • water immersion - no change in efficacy
    • combines IGR + adulticides
    • activity on both fleas and ticks; safe in cats
  • Bad:
    • does not repel
    • bathing w/ medicated shampoo appears to decr efficacy clinically
    • reported decr efficacy in field
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12
Q

What is Tritak?

A
  • For dogs: fipronil and cyphenothrin and methoprene
    • for dogs only
  • For cats: fipronil, etofenprox, methoprene
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13
Q

Describe Bravecto

A
  • oral flea and tick control (also a topical)
    • up to 12 wks of protection against fleas and ticks
  • selective inhibition of arthropod GABA and l-glutamate-gated Cl channels
  • for dogs > 6 mo
  • effective for demodex
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14
Q

Describe Nexgard (Afoxolaner)

A
  • oral flea and tick control for 30d
  • 100% kill within 24h
  • for dogs only
  • non-competitive GABA receptor antagonist, much more selective for GABA receptors in insects or ticks, than for those in mammals
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15
Q

Describe Simparica (Sarolaner)

A
  • oral, chewable, for dogs
  • kills ticks and fleas for up to 35 d
  • effective against demodex
  • more effective toward the end of the month compared to Nexgard
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16
Q

What parasiticides target the synapse?

A
  • organophosphates
  • carbamates
  • spinosad
  • imidacloprid
  • nitenpyram
  • dinotefuran
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17
Q

Describe organophosphates

A
  • no longer recommended!
  • cholinesterase inhibitors
  • used by licensed pesticide operators for mosquito and agricultural pest control
  • toxic to cats and young animals
    • muscular twitching –> seizures
    • antidotes: atropine and antihistamines
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18
Q

Describe carbamates

A
  • no longer recommended!
  • less toxic, less effective
  • competes irreversibly w/ cholinesterase
  • toxic signs: same as OPs
  • antidote: atropine
  • used less frequently, environmental products only available
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19
Q

Describe Spinosad

A
  • Non-antibiotic tetracycline macrolide
  • Activates nicotinic acetycholine receptors –> hyperexcitation –> death
  • Comfortis, Trifexis
  • Oral, once monthly
  • Works systemically
  • Should be given w/ food
  • Should not be given to dogs receiving high doses of ivermectin
  • Lowers threshold for seizures
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20
Q

Describe Comfortis

A
  • Spinosad
  • approved for dogs and cats
  • Good:
    • chewable 1x/month tablet, no effect of bathing
    • flavored with beef and pork
    • starts killing fleas within 30 minutes, 100% effective within 4 hours
    • flea adulticide effects last for 30d
  • Bad:
    • does not repel fleas
    • vomiting is freq after administration
    • no IGR
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21
Q

Describe Spinoteram (Cheristin)

A
  • alters function of nicotinic and GABA channels
  • does not interfere with other GABA binding products
  • topical
  • once a month
  • very fast killing (<12 hrs)
22
Q

Describe Imidacloprid

A
  • Chloronicotinyl nitroguanidine insecticide
  • Binds and stimulates insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
  • Advantage
  • Good:
    • Once a month spot on for dogs and cats
    • Flea adulticide, effective
    • Safe, non-teratogenic, non-mutagenic
  • Bad:
    • removed by water immersion/bathing
    • does not repel fleas; no effect on ticks
    • No IGR
23
Q

What are examples of imidacloprid products?

A
  • Advantage II
  • Advantix II
  • Advantage Multi - Rx
  • Seresto (collar)
24
Q

Describe Advantix II

A
  • imidacloprid, permethrin (44%), pyripoxyfen
  • kills 98-100% fleas within 12 hrs
  • repels fleas, ticks and mosquitoes
  • somewhat water proof
  • for dogs only!
25
Q

Describe Seresto

A
  • flumethrin and imidacloprid
  • safe for cats
  • no need to remove for bathing
  • lasts 8 mo
  • repels ticks
  • kills but does not repel fleas
26
Q

Describe Nitenpyram

A
  • binds and inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
  • Capstar (Novartis)
    • given PO - dog and cat as often as q 24hrs
    • not flavored: used in animals undergoing food trial
    • useful in clinics, boarding facilities, dogs, going to public places, severe infestations
27
Q

What the benefits and hindrances of Capstar?

A
  • Good:
    • kills 90% of fleas in dogs in 4hrs and cats within 6 hrs
    • 100% effective for 24 hrs
    • safe in pups and kittens
    • okay to use with other products
  • Bad
    • only lasts 24 hrs
    • does not repel
    • no IGR
28
Q

Describe Dinotefuran

A
  • novel 3rd generation neonicotinoid
    • flea adulticide, quick kill
  • binds permanently to insect acetylcholine receptors –> hyperexcitation –> death
    • binds to a different site of the nAch receptor where imidacloprid binds
    • does not bind to mammalian acetylcholine receptors
29
Q

Describe Vectra 3D

A
  • dinotefuran, pyriproxifen, permethrin
  • Good:
    • has an IGR, adulticide and repellent in 1 product
    • labeled for fleas (all stages) ticks and mosquitos
  • Bad:
    • efficacy decr by bathing
    • limited freq of application to q 4 wks
    • permethrin - toxic to cats
30
Q

What are 3 examples of insect growth regulators?

A
  1. methoprene
  2. pyriproxifen
  3. lufenuron
31
Q

Describe Methoprene

A
  • molt from 3rd stage larvae –> pupae requires a decr in “insect juveile hormone #1”
  • methoprene mimics JH-1 –> prevents molting
  • products = Precor, Frontline Plus
  • Good:
    • active against several insects, including fleas
    • available for on pet and environmental use
  • Bad:
    • photo-inactivated
    • no adulticide
    • does not repel
32
Q

Describe Pyriproxifen

A
  • Products: Nylar, Vectra 3D
  • Good:
    • works for up to 6 mo
    • effects eggs and larva
    • may also have delayed flea adulticide activity
    • it is available over the counter for use in the environment
    • stable for use in both indoor/outdoor environment for many months
33
Q

Describe Lufenuron

A
  • chitin synthesis inhibitor
  • used in combo products
    • must be given with food
    • cats need higher dose than dogs
    • prevents flea repro after a blood meal
  • Good:
    • oral, q 1 mo
    • very safe for dogs and cats
  • Bad:
    • no adulticide
    • does not repel
    • lab phase: 3 mo if this product is used alone for flea control
34
Q

Describe macrocyclic lactones

A
  • potentiate GABA and glutamate gated chloride channels to interrupt axonal nerve transmission
  • Milbemycin (Sentinel, Novartis)
  • Once a month, chewable tablet- pork flavored
  • For dogs, cats: 4 wks or older
  • Labeled for:
    • Hw
    • Hookworms
    • Roundworms
    • Whipworms
35
Q

Describe ivermectin

A
  • Heartgard Plus: ivermectin + pyrantel
  • once a month chewable tablets - beef flavored
    • D. immitis, hookworms, roundworms
    • off lable uses: demodex and sarcoptes
    • no efficacy against fleas or ticks
36
Q

Describe Selamectin

A
  • Revolution
  • Top spot, systemically absorbed, 1x/ month
  • Good:
    • Systemic absorption should minimize impact of bathing
    • Broad label claims
      • K9: ear mites, Sarcoptes, HW, dermacentor
      • in cats: hookworms, roundworms
  • Bad:
    • poor efficacy against fleas
    • breakthroughs reported for HW prevention
    • does not repel as it works after systemic absorption
    • no IGR
37
Q

Describe Moxidectin

A
  • macrocyclic lactone
  • products: Advantage Multi
  • topical product for cats and dogs
  • 1x/month
  • good: flea and heartwrom control in 1
  • bad:
    • decr efficacy of imidacloprid w/ bathing
    • ivermectin sensitive breeds - ingestion, OD
38
Q

Describe formanidines

A
  • Products: Amitraz, Mitaban (topical for demodicosis)
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
    • inhibits degradation of NT in synapse
  • toxic in horses and cats
39
Q

What is Certifect?

A
  • Amitraz and fipronil
    • for dogs only!
  • repellent and adulticide
  • fleas and ticks
  • topical
  • once monthly
  • works by contact
  • reported cases of PF
40
Q

What parasiticide increases Na flux?

A

permethrin

41
Q

What parasiticide decreases Na flux?

A

metaflumizone

42
Q

What parasiticide increases GABA gated glutamate channels?

A

selamectin

43
Q

Which parasiticide decreases GABA gated Cl channels?

A

Fipronil

44
Q

What parasiticides cholinesterase inhibitors?

A
  • OPs
  • carbamates
45
Q

What parasiticide decreases neurotransmitter degradation (MO inhibitor)?

A

Amitraz

46
Q

Which parasiticides mimic Ach?

A
  • Imidacloprid
  • Nitenpyram
  • Dinotefuran
47
Q

Describe non-chemical environmental flea control

A
  • Diatomaceous earth - indoor/outdoor
    • naturally occurring
    • absorbs lipids from the waxy outer layer of insects’ exoskeletons–> dehydration
    • physical damage of exoskeleton
  • Beneficial nematodes
    • Steinernema and Heterorhabditis
    • release toxic bacterium which kills the host larva within 24-48h, UV and draught harm nematodes
  • Sodium polyborate - indoor only
    • dessicant
    • best if professionally applied
    • will last 1 yr if carpet not shampooed
48
Q

What are some chemical products that can be used for environmental flea control?

A
  • Outdoor
    • Yard tx (Virbac) - synthetic pyrethroid
  • Indoor
    • Low % permethrin and Nylar (knockout tx area)
49
Q

What are the general rules for environmental flea control?

A
  • should be focused on areas protected from UV light, moist
  • repeat every 3 wks at peak of season
  • combo of adulticide and IgR
50
Q

What are cat-safe parasiticides?

A
  • Advantage
  • Frontline tritak for cats
  • Fipronil
  • Activyl
  • Vectra for cats (2D)
  • Revolution

Dermatology (13 decks)

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