Protozoa - GI infections
- Giardia lamblia
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Cryptosporidium
Protozoa - CNS infections
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Naegleria fowleri
- Trypanosoma brucei
Protozoa - Hematologic infections
- Plasmodium
- P. vivax/ovale
- P. falciparum
- P. malariae
- Babesia
Protozoa - Visceral infections
- Trypanosoma cruzi
- Leishmania donovani
Protozoa - STDs
Trichomonas vaginalis
Nematodes - intestinal
- Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
- Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
- Strongyloides stercoralis
- Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms)
Nematodes - tissue
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Loa loa
- Wuchereria bancrofti
- Toxocara canis
Ingested nematodes
You’ll get sick if you EAT these!
- Enterobius
- Ascaris
- Toxocara
Cutaneous nematodes
These get into your feet from the SANd
- Strongyloides
- Ancylostoma
- Necator
Nematodes that bite
Lay LOW to avoid getting bitten
- Loa loa
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Wuchereria bancrofti
Cestodes (tapeworms)
- Taenia solium
- Diphyllobothrium latum
- Echinococcus granulosus
Trematodes (flukes)
- Schistosoma
- Clonorchis sinesis
biliary tract disease
cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis sinesis
brain cysts, seizures
Taenia solium (cysticercosis)
hematuria, bladder cancer
Schistosoma haematobium
liver (hydatid) cysts
Echinococcus granulosus
microcytic anemia
Ancylostoma, Necator
perianal pruritis
Enterobius
portal HTN
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
vitamin B12 deficiency
Diphyllobothrium latum
Giardiasis
*Giardia lamblia *
- bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea
- campers/hikers
Amebiasis
*Entamoeba histolytica *
- bloody diarrhea (dysentery)
- liver abscess (“anchovy paste” exudate)
- RUQ pain (flank-shaped ulcer w/ colon rupture)
clinical disease of cryptosporidium
severe diarrhea in AIDS
mild disease (watery diarrhea) in immunocompetent
classic triad of congenital toxoplasmosis
- chorioretinitis
- hydrocephalus
- intracranial calcifications
brain abscess in HIV
ring-enhancing brain lesions on CT/MRI
Toxoplasma gondii
clinical disease of Naegleria fowleri
rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
African sleeping sickness
*Trypanosoma bruceii *
- enlarged lymph nodes
- recurring fever
- somnolence
- coma
swimming in freshwater lakes
enters via cribriform plate
Naegleria fowleri
clinical subtypes of Plasmodium
- Malaria
- P. vivax/ovale
- P. falciparum
- P. malariae
malaria
- fever
- headache
- anemia
- splenomegaly
P. falciparum
- severe
- irregular fever patterns
- parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidneys, lungs
Plasmodium
- 48 hr cycle
- 72 hr cycle
- 48 hr cycle = P. vivax/ovale
- 72 hr cycle = P. malariae
ring form, “Maltese cross”
Babesia
Babesiosis
- fever
- hemolytic anemia
- Northeastern US
- increased risk: asplenia
Chagas disease
*Trypanosoma cruzi *
- dilated cardiomyopathy
- megacolon
- megaesophagus
Reduviid bug (“kissing bug”) feces
deposited in painless bite
Trypanosoma cruzi
Visceral Leishmaniasis
*Leishmania donovani *
- spiking fevers
- hepatosplenomegaly
- pancytopenia
MΦ containing amastigotes
Leishmania donovani
Vaginitis
*Trichomonas vaginalis *
- foul-smelling
- greenish discharge
- itching & burning
Trichomonas vaginalis transmission? why?
sexual transmission
can’t form outside human b/c can’t form cysts
“strawberry cervix”
Trichomonas vaginalis
anal pruritis
Scotch Tape Test
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
clinical disease of Strongyloides stercoralis
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- epigastric pain
anemia – suck blood from intestinal walls
Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus
(hookworms)
hyperpigmented skin
river blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
swelling in skin
worm in conjunctiva
Loa loa
blocks lymphatic vessels
elephantiasis
Wuchereria bancrofti
visceral larva migrans
Toxocara canis
cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis
Taenia solium
vitamin B12 deficiency
Diphyllobothrium latum
tapeworm competes for B12 in intestine –> anemia
hydatid cysts in liver
Echinococcus granulosus
liver & spleen granulomas, fibrosis, inflammation
Schistosoma
chronic Schistosoma infection
SCC of the bladder
painless hematuria
clinical disease of Clonorchis sinensis
biliary tract inflammation –> pigmented gallstones
Cholangiocarcinoma
- painful bite
- painless bite
- Trypanosoma bruceii
- Trypanosoma cruzi