PARASITOLOGY Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
Plasmodium Asexual life cycle consists of ____
A
shizogony and gametogony
2
Q
- has two elongated sucking grooves for attachment
- have operculated eggs
- intermediate hosts: fish and copepods
A
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
3
Q
Treatment for MALARIA depending on clinical setting
A
4
Q
Potassium permanganate stain is used for diagnosis
A
Clonorchis sinensis
Ovoid with melon-like ridges and abopercular protuberance
5
Q
- Lives inside the body of the host
- Presence in host connotes INFECTION
A
Endoparasite
6
Q
o chronic watery diarrhea
o edema, wasting
o protein-losing enteropathy
o hypogammaglobulinemia
A
CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS
7
Q
DOC for Filariasis
A
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
8
Q
AMERICAN trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease
A
TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI
9
Q
DOC for Naegleria fowleri
A
Amphotericin B
10
Q
• intraerythrocytic ring-shaped trophozoites in tetrads in the form of a Maltese cross
A
BABESIA MICROTI
11
Q
Differentiate T. brucei gambiense vs rhodesiense
A
12
Q
DOC for schistosomiasis
A
• Praziquantel
13
Q
• Guinea fire worm
- transmitted when copepods are swallowed in water
- clinical findings:
- pruritic painful papule
- live worm in skin ulcer
A
Dracunculus medinensis
14
Q
dormant stage (hypnozoites) is observed in what species of Plasmodium?
A
P. vivax and P. ovale
15
Q
- acute adenolymphangitis
- expatriate syndrome
- hydrocoele
- elephantiasis
- milky urine (chyluria)
A
FILARIASIS
16
Q
Infected individual is further infected with same species leading to massive infection (e.g. Ascaris, Entamoeba)
A
Hyper infection or Superinfection
17
Q
- Mild disease
- fever, muscle pain, periorbital edema, eosinophilia and hemorrhagic phenomena (subconjunctival, splinter)
- Severe disease
- myocarditis, encephalitis, pneumonia, respiratory myositis
A
TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS
18
Q
allowing an uninfected, laboratory-raised reduviid bug to feed on the patient
A
xenodiagnosis
19
Q
nodule near bite (chagoma) is seen in
A
Acute Chagas’ disease
20
Q
facilitate attachment of giardia lamblia to avoid peristalsis
A
adhesive disc and lectin
21
Q
- African eye worm
- transmitted by deer fly or mango fly (Chryops)
- characterized by
- subcutaneous edema (calabar swellings)
- worm crawling across the conjunctiva
DOC: DEC
A
Loa loa
22
Q
- transmitted in undercooked seafoods
- eosinophilic meningitis
• MCC of parasitic meningitis
A
Angiostronglyus cantonensis
23
Q
causes megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency
A
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
24
Q
May exist in a free-living state but becomes parasitic when the need arises
A
Facultative Parasite
25
Cerebral malaria
P. falciparum
26
“old man with eyeglasses”
Giardia lamblia
27
**tropical pulmonary eosinophilia**
* small epithelioid granulomas **(Meyers-Kouwenaar bodies),** composed of aggregates of microfilariae surrounded by acidophilic hyaline material
FILARIASIS
28
ARTHROPODS OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
29
in ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS infection, HUMANS are the ____________ host
ACCIDENTAL INTERMEDIATE HOSTS
| (Dogs are the definitive hosts)
30
DOC for Leishmaniasis
**Sodium stibogluconate** (Pentavalent antimonial; antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb (from Latin: stibium) and atomic number 51)
31
• presence of eggs cause granuloma formation
o liver granulomas lead to **presinusoidal obstruction, hepatomegaly and portal hypertension**
• evade host defenses by coating themselves with host antigens
Schistosomiasis
32
• swallowing a weighted piece of string → trophozoites adhere to the string and can be visualized after withdrawal
String test
| (Giardia Lamblia)
33
indurated skin ulcer (trypanosomal chancre) is seen in \_\_\_\_
T. brucei
34
plasmodium Sexual life cycle involves \_\_\_
Sporogony (in mosquitoes)
35
LOCAL EPIDEMIOLOGY: **Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Palawan,**
BANCROFTIAN FILARIASIS
36
Diagnostic Stage of Malaria
trophozoites
| (ring forms)
37
In the acute form, a cyclical fever spike (approx. every 2 weeks) occurs that is related to **antigenic variation**
T. brucei infection
38
Malaria prophylaxis
39
DOC for Enterobius (Pinworm)
Pyrantel pamoate
40
**• most common tapeworm of dogs and cats**
* Transmission: ingestion of dog or cat fleas carrying cysticerci
* Diagnosis: **“barrel-shaped” proglottids in s**tools
* Drug-of-choice: NICLOSAMIDE
Dipylidium caninum
41
drug of choice for ascariasis
ALbendazole
42
DOC for Paragonimus
Praziquantel
43
return of a disease after its apparent cessation (1-6 mos) due to reactivation of hypnozoites (**RELAPSE**) is seen in \_\_\_\_
P. ovale and P. vivax
44
* Asian liver flukes
* hermaphrodite
* intermediate hosts
**o Snail (Parafossarulus)**
**o Fish (Cyprinidae)**
o Clonorchis sinensis
o Opistorchis viverrini
45
DOC for TRICHURIS TRICHIURA
Mebendazole
46
* itching and dermatitis **(swimmer’s itch)**
* **Katayama fever**
* systemic hypersensitivity, resembling serum sickness
Schistosomiasis
47
DOC for CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM infection
Nitazoxanide
48
Diagnostic stage of T. brucei
trypomastigotes in blood
49
Diagnostic stage of ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS
hydatid cysts
50
* E. histolytica stage that predominates in non-diarrheal stools
* smaller than Entamoeba coli
* has four nuclei (Entamoeba coli has 8)
Cyst
51
Vector of Leishmaniasis
sandfly (Phlebotomus)
52
in neurocysticercosis, humans are the ______ host
ACCIDENTAL INTERMEDIATE HOST
| (harbors the larval stage - cysticerci)
53
Associated with abortion, stillbirth, or neonatal disease with **hydrocephalus,** encephalitis, **chorioretinitis** and **hepatosplenomegaly, intracranial calcifications**
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
\*image of chorioretinitis
54
chest x-ray: **ring-shadowed opacity**
Paragonimiasis
55
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE of T. cruzi
trypomastigotes in blood
56
most frequently and severely affected tissue of T. cruzi
cardiac muscle
57
Maurer Dots
**(coarse granulations** present in red blood cells)
P. falciparum
58
IS to both T. solium and T. saginata
Cysticerci
59
Oval. Small **lateral spine** is often seen or may appear as a s**mall hook or “knob**” located in a depression in the shell.
S. japonicum
60
cause diarrhea in immunocompromised patients
CYCLOSPORA CAYETANENSIS & ISOSPORA BELLI
61
LOCAL EPIDEMIOLOGY: **Eastern Samar,** Agusan del Sur, Palawan, Sulu
MALAYAN FILARIASIS
62
embryonated eggs can cause **autoinfection and hyperinfectiono;** leads to ulcerative and compressive degeneration of enterocytes, resulting in s**evere malabsorption**
CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS
63
New World hookworm
Necator americanus
\* with **semilunar cutting plates** (Ne-cut-tor!)
64
can cause **rectal prolapse:** from increased peristalsis expel the worms
Trichuris
65
**• Rat tapeworm**
* Transmission: ingestion of RAT FLEA cysticercoid larvae
* Accidental parasite
Hymenolepsis diminuta
66
infects young RBCs
P. vivax, P. ovale
67
Only nematode whose life cycle involves a **migratory bird**
CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS
68
**Schuffner Dots**
**(punctate granulations** present in red blood cells)
P. ovale and P. vivax
69
* In females: **watery, foul-smelling, greenish vaginal discharge accompanied by itching and burning; strawberry cervix**
* In males: frequently asymptomatic; occasionally, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis can occur.
Trichomoniasis
70
Parasite attains sexual maturity
Definitive or Final Host
71
* **only ciliated protozoan to cause human disease**
* Pigs are the main reservoir → diarrhea among slaughter house worker
* Diagnosis is made by finding large ciliated trophozoites or large cyst with a characteristic **V-shaped nucleus** in the stool
* round-based, wide-necked intestinal intestinal ulcers
BALANTIDIUM COLI
72
Graham scotch tape technique: D-shaped eggs
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS
73
Elongated with rounded anterior end and **terminal spine** at posterior end. Found in urine, occasionally in feces. Egg often covered with debris.
S. haematobium
74
IS of CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS
Infective larvae
75
Harbors the asexual or larval stage
Intermediate Host
76
IS of schistosomiasis
cercariae
77
DOC for trichinella
Thiabendazole
78
**Mazzotti reaction:** Accentuation of keratitis with antifilarial treatment
ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS
## Footnote
The Mazzotti reaction is a symptom complex seen in patients after undergoing treatment of onchocerciasis with the medication diethylcarbamazine (DEC). This is due to Inflammatory reaction to lysis of the worms. Mazzotti reactions can be life- threatening and are characterized by fever, urticaria, swollen and tender lymph nodes, tachycardia, hypotension, arthralgias, edema and abdominal pain that occurs within 7 days of treatment of microfiliriasis.
79
Romaña sign is seen in \_\_\_
**Acute Chagas’ disease**
80
IS of STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
• filariform larvae
81
Kala-azar
Visceral Leishmaniasis
| (L. donovani)
82
DOC for Giardiasis
Metronidazole
83
Malarial drug that kill parasitic forms only in the erythrocyte
Blood Schizonticides
| (EXAMPLES: chloroquine, quinine)
84
falling leaf motility
GIARDIA LAMBLIA
85
Exists only as a TROPHOZOITE
Trichmonas vaginalis
86
**Malaria: Recrudescence**
\*recurrence of symptoms after a temporary abatement (2-4 weeks)
P. falciparum and P. malariae
87
Vector of TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI
tsetse fly (Glossina)
88
Diagnostic Stage of Ascaris
unembryonated egg
89
deep hyperesthesia **(Kerandel sign)** is seen in \_\_\_
T. brucei
90
intermediate host of schistosoma
Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi
91
whipworm
Trichuris trichiura
92
• Areas of Endemicity
o **Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte,** Oriental Mindoro, Bohol, all of Mindanao **EXCEPT Misamis Oriental**
Schistosomiasis
93
DOC for Toxoplasmosis
Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine
94
Definitive Host for Plasmodium
Mosquito
95
INFECTIVE STAGE of T. cruzi
metacyclic trypomastigotes
96
DOC for T. cruzi infection
Nifurtimox
97
* free-living ameba
* acquired while **swimming in contaminated pools**
**• Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis**
• occurs in otherwise healthy persons Trophozoites can penetrate the nasal mucosa and cribriform plate
NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
98
Virulence Factors for E. histolytica
* lectin mediates adherence
* amebapores for penetration
* cysteine proteases for cytopathic effect
99
kill schizonts in the liver
**Tissue Schizonticides**
| (EXAMPLE: primaquine)
100
utilizes **Harada-Mori culture -** method of incubating fecal material on a filter paper strip in a test tube containing water (cover one-third of the length of the paper strip) for the purpose of culturing and recovering nematode larvae
Strongyloides stercoralis, hookworm
101
**Kato-katz technique: barrel-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs**
**\* football or Chinese lantern-shaped**
**TRICHURIS TRICHIURA**
102
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is more frequently found in the **superior mesenteric veins** draining the small intestine
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs more often in the **inferior mesenteric veins** draining the large intestine
S. japonicum
S. mansoni
103
Luminal Amebicides
o act only in the lumen of the bowel
o EXAMPLES: diloxanide furoate, iodoquinol, paromomycin
104
**Tissue Amebicides**
o act on organisms in the bowel wall and the liver
o EXAMPLES: **chloroquine, emetines, metronidazole, tinidazole**
105
IS of all flukes except schistosomiasis
**metacercariae**
106
worms with a LUNG MIGRATION phase
* Ascaris
* Hookworms
* Strongyloides
\*hypersensitivity pneumonitis **(Loeffler syndrome)**
107
Differentiate Wuchereria vs Brugia
108
**• Dwarf tapeworm**
**• most frequently found tapeworm in developed countries**
* Ingestion of cysticercoid larvae from infected **rice or flour beetles**
* eggs are directly infectious for humans
* eggs either pass in the stool or can reinfect the small intestine (autoinfection)
* Eggs: 8-10 polar filaments and sixhooked larva
* Treatment: PRAZIQUANTEL
Hymenolepsis nana
109
heterophil-**negative** mononucleosis
Toxoplasmosis in **immunocompetent**
110
* composed of a scolex and only three proglottids
* one of the smallest tapeworms
* intermediate hosts: sheep/man
* definitive host: dog
ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS
111
diagnosis of scabies should be confirmed by identifying
mite or mite eggs or fecal matter (scybala)
112
kills gametocytes in human blood
Gametocides
| (EXAMPLES: primaquine)
113
diagnosis is via muscle biopsy
TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS
\* disseminate hematogenously to striated skeletal muscle
\*encysted within a host-derived cel**l (nurse cell)**
114
• Chronic disease
o serpiginous track **(larva currens)**
o **duodenitis**
o **paradoxical** asthma
o **hyperinfection syndrome**
STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
115
* Definitive hosts: **FOXES**
* Intermediate host: **RODENTS**
* Transmission: accidental ingestion of food contaminated with fox feces
* larvae form multiloculated cysts (honeycomb vesicles)
* Treatment: ALBENDAZOLE; surgical cyst removal
Echinococcus multilocularis
116
prevent sporogony and multiplication in the mosquito
Sporonticides
| (EXAMPLES: proguanil, pyrimethamine)
117
Plasmodium that infects ALL stages of RBC
P. falciparum
118
Parasite does not develop further to later stages
Paratenic Host
119
Diagnostic Stage of Toxoplasma gondii
trophozoite (bradyzoites)
120
most debilitating nematode infection
WUCHERERIA AND BRUGIA
121
Manifests as:
o microcytic anemia
o hypoalbuminemia
Chronic hookworm infection
122
TREATMENT OF AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS
"WePE"
"EaSM"
123
Infective stage of T. brucei
metacyclic trypomastigotes
124
o **myocarditis**, dilated **cardiomyopathy** with apical atrophy
o **megacolon, megaesophagus (secondary achalasia)**
o Death is usually due to cardiac arrhythmias or congestive heart failure
Chronic Trypanosomiasis
125
WEST african sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
"Mnemonics: WeGER (WEST = GAMBIENSE, EAST = RHODESIENSE)"
126
• Need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete development and propagation
Obligate Parasite
127
Vector of BABESIA MICROTI
Ixodes tick
128
INFECTIVE STAGE of DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
plerocercoid larvae
129
* Lives outside the body of the host
* Presence in host connotes **INFESTATION**
Ectoparasite
130
Plasmodium that infects old RBCs
P. malariae
131
Plasmodium infective stage to mosquito
Gametocytes
132
undergoes **parthenogenesis**
STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
133
banana-shaped gametocyte
P. falciparum
134
**• lung fluke**
* hermaphrodite
* intermediate hosts
o snail (**Antemelonia asperata)**
o mountain crab **(Sundathelphusa philippina)**
PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI
135
DS of STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
• rhabditiform larvae
136
causes **hyperinfection** in immunocompromised patient
STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
137
Old World hookworm
Ancylostoma duodenale
\* with teeth
138
o most common extraintestinal form
o Usually in the **posterosuperior aspect of the right lobe**. This is according to majority of references. But according to Schwartz, it is the **superior-anterior aspect.**
**o anchovy sauce-like aspirate**
amebic liver abscess
139
Elongated with **prominent lateral spine** near posterior end. Anterior end tapered and slightly curved.
S. mansoni
140
Leading cause of preventable blindness in sub-Saharan Africa
ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS
141
Associated with cholangiocarcinoma
CLONORCHIS SINENSIS
142
Characteristic appearance of T. gondii in the Microscopic examination of **Giemsa-stained preparations**
crescent-shaped trophozoites
143
DOC of DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
Praziquantel
144
Vector of ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS
female blackfly (Simulium)
145
"unholy trinity”
Ascaris, Trichuris, and hookworms
146
* E. histolytica stage found in diarrheal stools and within the intestinal and extraintestinal lesions
* characteristically contain ingested red blood cells (erythrophagocytosis) → hematophagous
* nucleus has a small central nucleolus and fine chromatin granules along the border of the nuclear membrane
Trophozoite
147
Infective stage in **neurocysticercosis (T. solium)**
EGGS
148
Infective stage of hooksworms
filariform larvae
149
which member of the unholy triad does NOT present with pulmonary symptoms?
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA
150
transmitted by **reduviid bug (Triatoma) bite**
TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI
151
S. japonicum is more frequently found in \_\_\_\_\_
superior mesenteric veins
152
DOC for STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
• Ivermectin
153
Test used for the diagnosis of **acute and congenital infections** of T. gondii
immune fluorescence assay for **IgM antibody**
154
most common disease associated with Acanthamoeba infection
Keratitis (contact lens infection)
155
Embryonation of Ascaris egg happens where?
Soil
156
Plasmodium infecfective stage to humans
Sporozoites (from the mosquito)
157
DOC of CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS
Albendazole
158
IS of ascaris
Embryonated Egg
159
plasma cells with cytoplasmic immunoglobulin globules **(Morula cells of Mott) is seen in \_\_\_\_\_**
T. brucei
160
True or false. Trichinella releases larvae and not eggs.
TRUE
Trichinella is **viviparous. The females release larvae that migrate to striated muscles where they encyst .**
161
**leading cause of CHF in Latin America**
Chronic Trypanosomiasis
162
**causes borborygmus**
CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS
163
Utilizes **Circumoval precipitin test for diagnosis**
Schistosoma
164
serpiginous tracks (cutaneous larva migrans) is seen in \_\_\_\_
Hookworm infection
## Footnote
**\*ground itch at site of entry**
165
peanut-shaped eggs with flattened bipolar plugs
Capillaria philippinensis
166
DS of CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS
unembryonated egg
167
enlargement of the posterior cervical LN **(Winterbottom sign)**
T. brucei
168
o dermal nodules
o hanging groin
o lizard skin
o **river blindness**
ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS
169
Ziemann Dots
**(fine dots** present in red blood cells)
P. malariae
170
ring enhancing lesions caused by T. gondii is seen in
Immunocompromised
171
o mass-like lesion in abdomen associated with dysentery
o **granulomatous lesion** that may form in the **cecal or rectosigmoid areas**
Ameboma
172
DIagnosis of Filariasis
* Thick blood smear
* Curved or kinky microfilariae
* Specimen collection best done at night between 8 PM and 4 AM
* **nocturnal periodicity**
* DEC provocation test
173
Intermediate Host of Plasmodium
Humans
174
DOC for Asymptomatic Intestinal infection for Amebiasis
Diloxanide Furoate
175
Allow life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection
Reservoir Host
