Part 3: Informatics Application Flashcards
1
Q
“The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients”
A
Evidenced Base Practice
2
Q
“Involves the synthesis of knowledge from research,
retrospective or concurrent chart review, quality
improvement and risk data, international, national, and
local standards, infection control data, pathophysiology, cost effectiveness analysis, benchmarking data, patient preferences, and clinical expertise”
A
Evidenced Base Practice
3
Q
published research studies are used in healthcare
quality initiatives as the evidence behind the
development of practice algorithms designed to
decrease practice variability, increase patient safety,
improve patient outcomes, and eliminate unnecessary
costs
A
Evidenced Base Practice
4
Q
Use of___promotes the use of _____ and
_____in relation to the patient’s contextual
situation and preferences, with procedures and protocols being linked to ______ rather than based on what is customary practice or opinion
A
EBP
clinical judgment
knowledge
scientific evidence
5
Q
Research results are crucial to furthering ____The
concept of using randomized controlled trials and
systematic reviews as the gold standard against which
one should evaluate the validity and effectiveness of a
clinical intervention was introduced in 1972 by Archie
Cochrane, a scientist and a physician
A
EBP
6
Q
___ viewed the randomized clinical trial as means
of validating clinical interventions and limiting the
interventions to those that were scientifically based,
effective, and necessary
A
Cochrane
7
Q
standards of practice, codes of ethics, philosophies of
nursing, autobiographic stories, esthetic criticism, works of art, qualitative studies, and patient and clinical
knowledge
A
Evidence
8
Q
The context change from medicine to nursing requires
nurses to apply other knowledge and nursing theory The
use of research results as the sole basis for clinical
decision making ignores other types of evidence inherent
in nursing practice
A
Evidence
9
Q
To use evidence in practice, the weight of the research, also called______ must be determined Evidence hierarchies have been defined to grade and
assign value to the information source For example, an evidential hierarchy developed by Stetler et al 1998
prioritized evidence into six categories
A
research validity
10
Q
Evidential hierarchy (6)
A
Meta analysis Individual experimental studies Quasi experimental studies Nonexperimental studies Program evaluations, such as quality improvement projects Opinions of experts
11
Q
The
time between research dissemination and clinical
translation may be significant, and this delay may
adversely affect patient outcomes __________
between research and practice requires an understanding
of the key concepts and barriers, access to research
findings, access to clinical mentors for research
understanding, a reinforcing culture, and a desire on the
part of the clinician to implement best practices
A
Bridging the gap
12
Q
Lack of EBP knowledge and skills is a barrier to
A
EBP
13
Q
Organizational cultures that do not support EBP is a barrier to
A
EBP
14
Q
Lack of resources, including clinical decision support tools is a barrier to
A
EBP
15
Q
Executive leaders and managers who do not model and/or
support EBP is a barrier to
A
EBP
16
Q
Inadequate access to databases by clinicians in order to track
patient and system outcomes is a barrier to
A
EBP
17
Q
Negative attitudes toward research is a barrier to
A
EBP
18
Q
Strong beliefs about the value of EBP and the ability to implement it facilitates
A
EBP
19
Q
EBP knowledge and skills facilitates
A
EBP
20
Q
Organizational cultures that support it facilitates
A
EBP
21
Q
EBP mentors who have in depth knowledge and skills in
evidence based care as well as individual and organizational
change facilitates
A
EBP
22
Q
Administrative support facilitates
A
EBP
23
Q
Clinical promotion systems that incorporate EBP competencies facilitates
A
EBP
24
Q
EBP tools at the point of care, such as clinical decision support
systems facilitates
A
EBP
25
1st Step of EBP
Cultivate a spirit of inquiry
26
2nd Step of EBP
Ask the burning clinical question in PICOT format
27
What Step in EBP?
a spirit of inquiry in clinicians and a
culture of EBP must be cultivated in order to stimulate the asking of burning clinical questions to improve patient care
Step 1
28
What Step in EBP?
| process involves formatting clinical questions into PICOT format
Step 2
29
```
P
I
C
O
T
```
```
patient population
intervention or interest area
comparison intervention or group
outcome
time
```
30
What Step in EBP?
Search
for the evidence is conducted by entering each
key word from the PICOT question into the database that is being searched (e g Medline, CINHAL) and then combining the search words together to reveal the studies that may answer the question
Step 3
31
Step 3 in EBP?
Search for and collect the most relevant best evidence.
32
Step 4 in EBP?
Critically appraise the evidence.
33
What Step in EBP?
Rapid
critical appraisal of the studies from the search is
conducted, followed by an evaluation and synthesis of the
research evidence
Step 4
34
Step 5 in EBP?
Integrate the best evidence ...with one’s clinical
| expertise and patient preferences and values in making a practice decision or change.
35
What Step in EBP?
Evidence
is integrated with the clinician’s expertise and
patient preferences and values to make a decision
regarding whether a practice change should be made
Step 5
36
Step 6 of EBP
Evaluate outcomes of the practice decision or change
| based on evidence.
37
```
What step of EPB?
Once
a practice change is made based on the best
evidence,
outcomes should be measured to determine
positive
outcomes of the change
```
Step 6
38
Step 7 of EBP?
Disseminate the outcomes of the EBP decision or
| change
39
```
What Step of EBP?
Disseminating
the outcome of the practice change
through presentation or publication so that others can
benefit from the process
```
Step 7
40
```
Computers
are used in all areas of research
(1)literature search databases, such as CINAHL
(2)online literature reference lists, such as RefWorks
(3)data capture, collection, and coding
(4)data analysis
(5)data modeling
(6)meta analysis
(7)Qualitative analysis and
(8)dissemination of results
```
The role of _____
Informatics
41
__ has brought to healthcare
| a compendium of new tools which support EBP
Information technology
42
Nursing professionals range in age from their early
20 s to their 60 s with the average age of a registered
nurse today in their early_____
50 s
43
Nurses use experientially acquired information from
interactions with peers, patients, colleagues, and
physicians ___than scientific evidence from medical and research journals
greater
44
3 Decision Support Systems
Model Management System
User Interface
Knowledge Base
45
are automated tools designed to support decision
making activities and improve the decision making
process and decision outcomes
Decision support systems
46
such systems are intended to use the enormous amounts
of data that exist in information systems to facilitate
decision processes
Decision support systems
47
are systems designed to support healthcare providers in making decisions about the delivery and management of patient care
Clinical decision support systems
48
has the potential to improve the patient safety and
outcomes for specific patient populations, as well as
compliance with clinical guidelines and standards of
practice and regulatory requirements
Clinical decision support systems
49
are systems designed with multiple rules and access to multiple databases for information
Evidenced-based Adaptive Clinical Decision Support Systems
50
complex systems and contain mechanisms to incorporate
| new findings and evidence
Evidenced-based Adaptive Clinical Decision Support Systems
51
Within the complexity of today’s healthcare
environment, there is an increasing need for accessible
information that supports and improves the effectiveness
of decision making and promotes clinical accountability
and the use of best practices
Clinical Decision Support Systems
52
Clinical tasks to which ___may be applied include
alerts and reminders, diagnostic assistance, therapy
critiques and plans, medication orders, image
recognition and interpretation, trend analysis, and
information retrieval
Clinical Decision Support Systems
53
The primary goal of ____ is to optimize the efficiency
and effectiveness with which clinical decisions are made
in order to improve the manner in which care is
delivered
Clinical Decision Support Systems
54
Without the ability to recall and process all available
complex information, decisions in healthcare often
cannot be justified on the basis of available knowledge,
costs, benefits, possible risks, and patient preferences
Clinical Decision Support Systems
55
tools that aid nurses in improving their
effectiveness in care delivery, identifying appropriate
interventions, determining areas in need of policy or
protocol development, and supporting patient safety
initiatives and quality improvement activities are
increasingly needed
Clinical Decision Support Systems
56
It is important to remember that the clinical user’s
experience, knowledge base, and understanding of the current context of care are ____ by, but, rather,
supported in the decision making process.
not replaced
57
Final decisions should always be made by clinicians who can accept or reject the ____information within the context of the existing healthcare situation.
Clinical Decision Support Systems
58
CDSS is a ____system, not a _____ system
Tool
| Rule
59
Implementation of ___requires the development of a strategy built on an understanding of available ___
tools, clinician readiness to adopt and use ___, and
areas within the organization that carry significant risks
to patient safety
Clinical Decision Support Systems
60
Implementation of ___requires the development of a strategy built on an understanding of available ___
tools, clinician readiness to adopt and use ___, and
areas within the organization that carry significant risks
to patient safety
Clinical Decision Support Systems
61
A CDSS is only as effective and accurate as its
| underlying _____
knowledge base
62
3 Pillars supporting the full benefits of CDS
Best knowledge available when needed
High adoption and effective use
Continuous improvement of knowledge and CDS
methods
63
Five rights in CDS:
“right ___to the right ___in the right
_____ through the right ____
at the right ____in workflow”
```
information
people
intervention formats
channels
point
```
64
1.Assist in problem solving with semi structured
problems
2.Support but not replace, the judgment of a manager
or clinician
3.Improve the effectiveness of the decision making
process
are the purposes of
Decision Support System
65
There is growing pressure for clinicians including nurses to use_____ that is based on
researched evidence
knowledge at the point of care
66
Use of CDSS to find and _____related to gaps between optimal and actual practice can result in improved quality of care
prevent errors
67
CDSS impact on clinicians include electronic ___, medical _____, drug ____, other databases, and expert _____
libraries
dictionaries
formularies
opinion
68
a bedside tool that uses vital signs to identify patients
likely to deteriorate At least one hospital has moved this tool to an electronic format providing for more speed in the decision process with a 50 reduction in code blue events
Modified Early Warning System
69
DUAL NATURE OF INFORMATION NEEDS FOR
DECISION SUPPORT
First, evidenced based information ( content) needs to be available at the point of care to inform the ____
patient encounter
Second, key data entered in the process of
documentation needs to be entered in a manner that it can be able to be aggregated to inform ___patient
encounters
present
| future
70
“TRIP” to “TPIR”
DUAL NATURE OF INFORMATION NEEDS FOR
DECISION SUPPORT
translating research into practice
| translating practice into research.
71
```
1.Administrative Systems
Strategic Planning
Budgeting
Financial Analysis
Quality Management
Continuous Process Improvement
Clinical Benchmarking
```
Are the contents of a ___
Classic CDSS
72
Real Time Decision Support, Goal Orientation, and Intelligence gathering is the content of a
Classic CDSS
73
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
| 4
Data based
Model based
Knowledge based
Graphics based
74
CLASSIFICATION OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
provides decision support with a
population perspective and uses routinely collected,
longitudinal, cohort, and cross sectional database
Data based
75
CLASSIFICATION OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
driven by access to and manipulation of
a statistical, financial, optimization, and/or simulation
Data based
76
CLASSIFICATION OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
relies on expert knowledge that is
either embedded in the system or accessible from
another source and uses some type of knowledge
acquisition process to understand and capture the
cognitive processes of healthcare providers
Data based
77
In a “____"system, the provider needs to take some
action independent of the usual workflow to initiate a
request for support or to query the system for additional information (CDSS)
pull
78
in a “ ___"system the system automatically
generates the alert in response to a clinician action such as a medication order for which the patient has reported an allergy (CDSS)
push
79
CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT requires a team ___
approach
80
CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENTrequires a team approach
1.Identification of the ___needs
2.Identify the ___with interest in the topic
( nurses, admin staff and patients)
3.Synthesize and validate a unified ____ of goals and objectives
4.Determination of potential___ is necessary to determine whether assignment of resources to a
development project is justified
information
stakeholders
working list
frequency of use
81
CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
5._____of all available information systems such as laboratory, radiology, and pharmacy systems as well as the clinical record system, order systems, and
administrative systems as data and information sources
6.___base of the CDSS must be clearly defined and a system for knowledge update must be in place
7.Identification of when and how ____are
triggered, the data source and content of the
intervention, how the information is delivered to the
recipient, and also needs a feedback mechanism
Inventory
Knowledge
interventions
82
CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
8. After a CDSS is built, it must be tested and only then
should it ___ and system launch requires planning that addresses not just a date but all the necessary ___preparation of the end users
9. Final step of CDSS development is evaluation and
____enhancement as needed
-Ongoing assessment of intervention use and usability, evaluation of intervention performance against objectives, and continuous enhancement of CDSS provides value to ____
“go live”
educational
system
users
83
A ____ is a set of care guidelines that outline the
course of treatment and the recommended interventions
that should be implemented to achieve optimal results By
using a standardized plan of care, these systems present
clinicians with treatment protocols to maximize patient
outcomes and support best practices Information
technology in health care is positioned to support the
development of interdisciplinary care plans
care plan
84
Recommendations that serve as a guide to decisions and provide criteria for specific practice areas.
Clinical guidelines
85
According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), intellectual property (IP) is divided into two categories, namely, ___
industrial property and copyright.
86
____includes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic indications of source;
Industrial property
87
______
includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and
plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as
drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and
architectural designs.
copyright
88
exclusive rights of the
scientists, researchers, inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens
in our country are not suitably protected as they should be. Most
of them have apprehensions in applying for ___
intellectual property
| rights.
89
Copyright and Related Rights is an ________ right
Intellectual property
90
Trademarks and Service Marks is an ________ right
Intellectual property
91
Geographic Indications is an ________ right
Intellectual property
92
Industrial Designs is an ________ right
Intellectual property
93
Patents is an ________ right
Intellectual property
94
Layout-Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits is an ________ right
Intellectual property
95
Protection of Undisclosed Information is an ________ right
Intellectual property
96
The agency of the government in charge of the implementation of the Intellectual Property Code is the _____ which replaced the Bureau of Patents, Trademarks and Technology Transfer
Intellectual Property Office
97
The agency of the government in charge of the implementation of the Intellectual Property Code is the Intellectual Property Office which replaced the _____
Bureau of Patents, Trademarks and
| Technology Transfer.
98
The 6 Bureaus of Intellectual property Code
Bureau of Patents
Bureau of Trademarks
Bureau of Legal Affairs
Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer Bureau
Management Information System and EDP Bureau
Administrative, Financial and Personnel Services Bureau.
99
The ___is the lead agency responsible for handling the registration and conflict resolution of intellectual property rights.
Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL)
100
IPOPHL was created by virtue
of Republic Act No. 8293 or the______, which took effect on January 1, 1998 under the
presidency of Fidel V. Ramos.
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
101
A ____is a grant issued by the government through the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines.
Patent
102
It is an exclusive right granted for a product, process or an improvement of a product or process which is new, inventive and useful.
Patent
103
This exclusive right gives the inventor the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the product of his invention during the
life of the patent.
Patent
104
A patent has a term of protection of_____years providing an inventor significant commercial gain. In return, the patent owner must share the full description of the invention.
twenty (20)
105
Any technical solution of a problem in any field of human activity which is new, involves an inventive step and is industrially applicable shall be ___
patentable.
106
Is Discovery a patentable invention?
No
107
Is Scientific theory a patentable invention?
No
108
Are Mathematical methods a patentable invention?
No
109
Scheme, rule and method of is a _ invention
Non patentable invention
110
performing mental act is a ____ invention
Non patentable invention
111
playing games is a ____ invention
Non patentable invention
112
doing business is a ____ invention
Non patentable invention
113
program for computer is a ____ invention
Non patentable invention
114
Method for treatment – human or animal body by surgery
| or therapy & diagnostic method is a _____ invention
Non patentable invention
115
Plant variety or animal breed or essentially biological
| processes for the production of plants and animals is a _ invention
Non patentable invention
116
Aesthetic creation is a _ invention
Non patentable invention
117
Invention contrary to public order or morality is a _ invention
Non patentable invention
118
3 requirements for Patentability
Novelty
Inventive Step
Industrial Applicability
119
Requirements for filing a patent
Request for the Grant of Patent
Description of the Invention (Specification and Claim/s)
Drawings necessary for the Invention (if any)
Filing Fee
120
___ means any visible sign capable of distinguishing the
goods (trademark) or services (service mark) of an enterprise
and shall include a stamped or marked container of goods.
"Mark"
121
is a tool used that differentiates goods and services
| from each other.
trademark
122
It is a very important marketing tool that
| makes the public identify goods and services.
trademark
123
A ____ mark can be one word, a group of words, sign, symbol, logo, or a combination of any of these.
trade
124
Generally, a trademark refers to
| both trademark and _____,
service mark
125
is used to identify those marks used for services only
service mark
126
A trademark can be protected through __.
registration
127
_____
gives the trademark owner the exclusive right to use the mark
and to prevent others from using the same or similar marks on
identical or related goods and services.
Registration
128
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION
The ___and ___of the applicant
The name of a State of which the applicant is a national or where he has ____
Where the applicant is a_____, the law under which it is organized and existing
The appointment of an agent or representative, if the applicant is not domiciled in the ____
name ..address
domicile
juridical entity
Philippines
129
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION
Where the applicant claims the priority of an earlier
application, an indication of:
The name of the ____with whose national office the
earlier application was filed or it filed with an office other than a national office, the name of that office
The ___on which the earlier application was filed
Where available, the application number of the earlier application
Where the applicant claims ___as a distinctive feature of the mark, a statement to that effect as well as the name or names of the color or colors claimed and an indication, in respect of each color, of the principal parts of the mark which are in that color;
State
date
color
130
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION
Where the mark is a____ mark, a statement to
that effect
One or more ___of the mark, as prescribed in the ___
A _____or translation of the mark or of some parts of the mark, as prescribed in the Regulations
three-dimensional
reproductions ....Regulations
transliteration
131
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION
The names of the goods or services for which the registration is sought, grouped according to the classes of the ___, together with the number of the class of the said Classification to which each group of goods or services belongs
A ___by, or other self-identification of, the applicant or his representative.
Nice Classification
| signature
132
_____is the legal protection extended to the owner of the
| rights in an original work.
Copyright
133
___ refers to every production in the
literary, scientific and artistic domain. Among the literary and
artistic works enumerated in the IP Code includes books and
other writings, musical works, films, paintings and other
works, and computer programs.
“Original work”
134
Works are protected by the sole fact of their
___, irrespective of their mode or form of expression, as
well as their content, quality and purpose. Thus, it does not
matter if, in the eyes of some critics, a certain work has little
artistic value. So long as it has been independently created and
has a minimum of creativity, the same enjoys copyright
protection.
creation
135
Books, pamphlets, articles and other writings are covered by _____protection
copyright
136
Periodicals and newspapers are covered by _____protection
copyright
137
Lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertations prepared for oral
delivery, whether or not reduced in writing or other material
form are covered by _____protection
copyright
138
Letters are covered by _____protection
copyright
139
Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; choreographic
| works or entertainment in dumb showsare covered by _____protection
copyright
140
Musical compositions, with or without words are covered by _____protection
copyright
141
Works of
drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving, lithography
or other work of art; models or designs for works of art are covered by _____protection
copyright
142
Original ornamental designs or models for articles of
manufacture, whether or not registrable as an industrial
design, and other works of applied art are covered by _____protection
copyright
143
Illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts and threedimensional
works relative to
geography, topography, architecture or science are covered by _____protection
copyright
144
Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character are covered by _____protection
copyright
145
Photographic works including works produced by a process
| analogous to photography; lantern slides are covered by _____protection
copyright
146
Audiovisual works and cinematographic works and works
produced by a process analogous to cinematography or any
process for making audio-visual recordings are covered by _____protection
copyright
147
Pictorial illustrations and advertisements are covered by _____protection
copyright
148
Computer programs are covered by _____protection
copyright
149
literary, scholarly, scientific and artistic works. are covered by _____protection
copyright
150
In general, the term of protection of copyright for original and
derivative works is the life of the author plus__years after
his death. The Code specifies the terms of protection for the
different types of works.
fifty (50)
151
In calculating the term of protection, the term of protection
subsequent to the death of the author shall run from the _____ or of publication, but such terms shall always be
deemed to begin on the first day of January of the year following
the event which gave rise to them (i.e. death, publication,
making).
date of
| his death
152
___ consists in infringing any right secured
| or protected under the Code. It may also consist in aiding or abetting such infringement.
Copyright infringement
153
Selling or letting for hire, or by way of trade offering or
| exposing for sale or hire, the article w/out permission is ______
Copyright infringement
154
Distributing the article for the purpose of trade, or for any other purpose to an extent that will prejudice the rights of the copyright owner in the work is _____
Copyright infringement
155
Trade exhibit of the article in public. without permission is ____
Copyright infringement
156
COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION
A duly accomplished form in ___for each work,
provided, that a separate application is submitted for each number of a periodical containing a notice of copyright.
duplicate
157
COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION
support document evidencing ___of the copyright, the manner of its acquisition if the claimant is not the original author translator, or editor, and where and in what establishment the work was made, performed, printed, or produced, and the date of its completion and publication.
ownership
158
COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION
__showing payment of the registration fee if the application is filed personally, or by postal money order if the
application is filed by registered mail.
Receipt
159
COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION
Documentary stamps in the correct amount, which shall be
affixed to the registration and deposit certificate.
Two (2) complete copies or __of the work or
replica or picture
Two (2) printed copies with the __notice printed in
front or at the back of the title page or on any conspicuous space
for a non-book material, if the work is a published work.
reproduction
| copyright
160
An____ is the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an
| article.
industrial design
161
The design may consist of three-dimensional
features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two dimensional
features, such as patterns, lines or color.
industrial design
162
are applied to a wide variety of products of
industry and handicraft: from technical and medical instruments
to watches, jewelry, and other luxury items; from house wares
and electrical appliances to vehicles ; from textile designs to
leisure goods.
industrial designs
163
To be protected under most national laws, an industrial design
must be ____. This means that an industrial design is
primarily of an aesthetic nature and any technical features of the article to which it is applied are not protected.
non-functional
164
A___is a protection option, which is designed to
protect innovations that are not sufficiently inventive to meet
the inventive threshold required for standard patents
application.
Utility Model
165
It may be any useful machine, implement, tools,
product, composition, process, improvement or part of the
same, That is of practical utility, novelty and industrial
applicability.
Utility Model
166
A utility model is entitled to__years of protection from
| the date of filing, with no possibility of renewal.
seven (7)
167
An application for registration should contain a duly
accomplished request for registration as prescribed by the
Bureau, specification or description containing the following:
Title
Technical field
Background of the Utility Model
Brief description of the several views of the drawings
Detailed description
Claim or claims
Drawings
Abstract of the disclosure.
UTILITY MODELS—REGISTRATION
