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z:Anat 200 > Part 5: Spinal cord pathways > Flashcards

Part 5: Spinal cord pathways Flashcards

1
Q

spinal cord is a ____ (descr.)

A

cylindrical cable of pathways to & from brain and rest of the body

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2
Q

spinal cord extends from ____ to ____

A

base of the skull (medulla) to L1-L2 vertebrae

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3
Q

spinal cord vs vertebral column

A

vertebral column extends to coccyx but spinal cord ends at L1-l2 vertebrae

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4
Q

plexus is a ___

A

collection of nerves

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5
Q

two plexus in spinal cord

A

-cervical (brachial plexus)
-lumbar (lumbosacral plexus)

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6
Q

what covers the spinal cord?

A

-meninges

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7
Q

central canal of spinal cord is _____

A

continuous with ventricles of brain

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8
Q

conus medullaris (def.)

A

-tapered, lower end of the spinal cord at L1-L2

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9
Q

cauda equina (def.)

A

spinal nerves continue to branch out diagonally (looks like horse tail)

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10
Q

spinal cord ends at ____

A

conus medullaris at L1-L2

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11
Q

filum terminale

A

fibrous tissue downward from the apex of the conus medullaris to coccyx (stabilize lower part)

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12
Q

in spinal cord, grey mater is _____

A

in the inner layer

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13
Q

dorsal horn is at ___

A

back

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14
Q

ventral horn is at ____

A

front

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15
Q

sensory at ___ horn

A

dorsal

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16
Q

motor at ___ horn

A

ventral

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17
Q

sympathetic at ___ horn

A

lateral

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18
Q

cervical part of spinal cord: grey matter vs white matter

A

equal amounts due to cell bodies and large amounts of axons

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19
Q

thoracic part of spinal cord: grey matter vs white matter

A

mostly white matter due to limited muscles at thorax

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20
Q

lumbar part of spinal cord: grey matter vs white matter

A

mostly grey matter (large amounts of cell bodies)

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21
Q

sacral part of spinal cord: grey matter vs white matter

A

mostly grey matter (large amounts of cell bodies)

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22
Q

___ pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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23
Q

____ pairs of cervical nerves

A

8

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24
Q

____ pairs of thoracic nerves

A

12

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25
Q

____ pairs of lumbar nerves

A

5

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26
Q

____ pairs of sacral nerves

A

5

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27
Q

7 cervical vertebrate but ___ cervical nerves

A

8

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28
Q

cervical vertebrae nerves come out on top of ____

A

vertebrae

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29
Q

fetal vs adult development of spinal cord

A

spinal nerves lines up with vertebrae but all the upper body grows, spinal cord moves up but nerves still come out at original levels so spinal cord ends at L1-L2 but nerves continue past that

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30
Q

spinal cord organization

A

medulla oblongata -> L1-L2 conus medullaris -> cauda equina -> filum terminale

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31
Q

in spinal cord, white matter is on ___

A

outer layer

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32
Q

grey matter has two horns: ___

A

posterior (dorsal/sensory) horn
anterior (ventral/motor) horn

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33
Q

dorsal & ventral horns lead to _____ roots

A

dorsal & ventral roots

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34
Q

dorsal & ventral roots join up to form _____

A

spinal nerve

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35
Q

dorsal root ganglion is ____

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons

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36
Q

below the C7 vertebrae, spinal nerves come out ____

A

below the vertebrae

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37
Q

ventral root doesn’t contain ____

A

ganglion only the dorsal root

38
Q

sensory and motor information between brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves and organ systems happens how often?

A

all the time, around the clock

39
Q

ascending pathways are ____

A

sensory

40
Q

descending pathways are ____

A

motor

41
Q

ascending and descending pathways are made of _

A

chain of neurons and associated nuclei/ganglia

42
Q

synapses are ___

A

inter-neuronal connections

43
Q

what varies between pathways?

A

number of neurons and synapses

44
Q

number of somatic sensory pathways

A

3

45
Q

Three types of major sensory pathways

A
  1. Dorsal column/medial leminscal pathway
    2.Spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway
  2. Spinocerebellar pathway
46
Q

Dorsal column/medial leminscal pathway controls ____

A

-joint/limb position & motion sense (conscious proprioception) + light touch

47
Q

Spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway controls ____

A

pain, noxious temperature

48
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway controls _____

A

unconscious proprioception

49
Q

Right hemisphere controls _____ and the left half controls ____

A

-the left side of the body
-the right side of the body

50
Q

Dorsal column conveys ____ & _____ from ______

A

-joint position (conscious proprioception) & discriminative touch (3D recognition of objects w/o vision) from
trunk & extremities

51
Q

Dorsal column pathways involves how many order neurons?

A

3 (three)

52
Q

Dorsal column pathways: 1st order neuron

A

-from skin/joint receptor
-enters the spinal cord and ascends the white matter as the dorsal columns
-synapses at medulla (same side)

53
Q

Dorsal columns consists of______

A

the mechanosensory axons

54
Q

Dorsal column pathways: 2nd order neuron

A

-from medulla
-crosses to opposite side
-ascends as the medial lemniscus
-synapses at thalamus

55
Q

Dorsal column pathways: 3rd order neuron

A

-from thalamus
-goes to primary sensory cortex to thalamocortical projections

56
Q

thalamus acts as the ___

A

bouncer directing what goes to the brain from sensory nerves

57
Q

Dorsal column pathway general image

A
58
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Pathway involves how many order neurons?

A

3 (three)

59
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Pathway: 1st order neuron

A

-from skin receptors
-synapses at dorsal horn of spinal cord

60
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Pathway: 2nd order neuron

A

-from dorsal horn
-crosses over on opposite side of spinal cord
-synapses at thalamus as lateral spinothalamic tract

61
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Pathway: 3rd order neuron

A

-from thalamus to primary sensory cortex via thalamocortical tract

62
Q

Unconscious Proprioception (def.)

A

body knows where each muscle and joint is at all times

63
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Pathway general image

A
64
Q

Spinocerebellar Pathway carries ____

A

unconscious proprioception (joint position + vibration sense) from trunk and extremities to cerebellum

65
Q

Spinocerebellar Pathway involves how many order neurons?

A

2 (two)

66
Q

Spinocerebellar Pathway : 1st order neuron

A

-from receptors in joint capsules, tendons, & muscle spindles
-synapses at dorsal horn spinal grey matter

67
Q

Spinocerebellar Pathway : 2nd order neuron

A

-from dorsal horn
-to cerebellum via dorsal spinocerebellar tracts

68
Q

Spinocerebellar Pathway general image

A
69
Q

CNS issues ___ commands that are distributed to body by ___

A

motor
PNS

70
Q

somatic motor commands effect contraction of ____ muscle

A

skeletal

71
Q

somatic motor pathways involve at least ___ motor neurons

A

2 (two)

72
Q

motor neurons involved in somatic motor pathways

A

-upper motor neuron (UMN)
-lower motor neuron (LMN)

73
Q

UMN has cell body in ___ and synapses onto ____

A

CNS processing centres
LMN

74
Q

LMN has cell body in ___ and synapses onto ____

A

ventral horn of spinal cord/motor cranial nerve nucleus in brainstem
skeletal muscle

75
Q

Modulation of Lower Motor Neuron by Upper Motor Neuron (excitatory synapse)

A

UMN–> excites LMN -> excites muscle (large signal at muscle)

76
Q

Modulation of Lower Motor Neuron by Upper Motor Neuron (inhibitory synapse)

A

UMN–> inhibits LMN -> inhibits muscle (small signal at muscle)

77
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Lesion

A

UMN –> inhibitory synapse prevented –> LMN –> spastic paralysis (muscles are tight and hard- spasm-always active)

78
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Lesion

A

UMN –> excitatory or inhibitory synapse –> no response leads to flaccid paralysis (relaxed and therefore shrink,)

79
Q

only axon of ___ extends to skeletal muscle

A

LMN

80
Q

Conscious motor commands controlling skeletal muscle travel via the ___ pathways

A

corticospinal or corticonuclear (corticobulbar)

81
Q

Corticospinal (Pyramidal) pathway

A

-UMN extend from the cerebral cortex (Cortico) to the spinal cord (Spinal) which houses the LMN
- LMN extend axons to regulate muscles of the limbs + trunk

82
Q

Corticonuclear (Corticobulbar) pathway

A

UMN extend from the cerebral cortex (Cortico) to motor
cranial nerve nuclei (LMN) in the brainstem (Nuclear [Bulbar])
- LMN extend axons to regulate muscles of the head + neck

83
Q

corticospinal + corticonuclear pathway general image

A
84
Q

Corticospinal Pathway originates from

A

pyramidal neurons in the cortex from:
-Primary motor cortex and Premotor cortex

85
Q

______ regulate distal limb muscles à important for precise, skilled, learned movements (such as playing piano)

A

Corticospinal Pathway

86
Q

Corticospinal Pathways path

A

Primary Motor (& Sensory) Cortex -> Internal Capsule –>Crus Cerebri in Midbrain –> Pyramids in Medulla –> Decussation of the Pyramids (crosses over) -> Lateral Corticospinal Pathway

87
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Injury in corticospinal pathway

A

-Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke
-Internal Capsule stroke
-Brainstem Lesion
-Spinal Cord Injury

88
Q

lower Motor Neuron Injury in corticospinal pathway

A

Spinal Nerve Injury

89
Q

Voluntary Movements (summary of previous slide)

A
  • Central Motor Program
    1.Identification and localization of targets in space->posterior parietal cortex
    2. Formulation of a plan of action –> premotor cortex &
    supplementary motor cortex
    Execution of the movement à primary motor cortex
90
Q

Extrapyramidal Pathways (def.) + example

A

Subsidiary descending pathways that help with movement
- (ie: contract your bicep muscles (pyramidal tract), you need to relax your opposing triceps muscles (extrapyramidal tract)

91
Q

Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum Modulate and modify_______

A

activity in the corticospinal tract to ensure smooth, coordinated, purposeful movement

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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