Part C: Lecture 12

Question 1

mutations classified by (3) ___

Answer 1

-change in DNA
-change in mRNA
-change in protein structure

Question 2

change in protein structure consequence’s (3)

Answer 2

-neutral mutations
-hypomorphic mutations
-amorphic mutations

Question 3

neutral mutations results in ___

Answer 3

unaffected protein

Question 4

hypomorphic mutations results in ___

Answer 4

reduced amount or activity of protein / reduced form

Question 5

amorphic mutations results in ____

Answer 5

protein absent or nonfunctional

Question 6

we can’t know the consequence of mutations on protein without ___

Answer 6

more information

Question 7

organisms and their surroundings equation

Answer 7

Genotype + environment = Phenotype

Question 8

Genes are named after two things: ___ & ___

Answer 8

mutant phenotype & protein it codes for

Question 9

Alleles are named by two things: ____ & ____

Answer 9

discovery (ex. first - 1) & phenotype

Question 10

Alleles are ___ to gene

Answer 10

superscript

Question 11

Fly genes found online in ___

Answer 11

FlyBase

Question 12

Human genes found online in ___

Answer 12

OMIN (online mendelian inheritance in Man)

Question 13

Somatic cells come from ___

Answer 13

the body

Question 14

Germline cells make ____

Answer 14

gametes

Question 15

Somatic mutations result in ___

Answer 15

somatic cells with the mutations and can’t be passed on to offspring

Question 16

Somatic mutant cells offspring will also ___

Answer 16

contain the mutations

Question 17

Somatic mutations: the more cells with that mutation, ___

Answer 17

the earlier in development mutation occurred

Question 18

Germline mutations:parent is ___ but offspring ___

Answer 18

-not affected
-is affected

Question 19

With germline mutations. which cells of the offspring is affected by the mutation?

Answer 19

-all the cells (somatic and germline)

Question 20

Germline mutations become ___

Answer 20

inherited mutations

Question 21

Inherited mutations (def.)

Answer 21

they are passed on from parents to offspring, and each generation is affected

Question 22

In plants, somatic mutations can become ___

Answer 22

inherited mutations

Question 23

In animals, somatic mutations can’t become ____

Answer 23

inherited mutations become germline + somatic cells are separate

Question 24

Mutations that happened before origin of species are mutations that ___

Answer 24

every member of species will have

Question 25

pseudogenes (def.)

Answer 25

mutated non-functional gene that look like functional genes (ψHAA)

Question 26

ψ is __

Answer 26

psi

Question 27

mutations that happened many generations ago are mutations that ___

Answer 27

only some members of the species will have

Question 28

mutations that happened in parent’s germline are mutations that ___

Answer 28

affect only the descendants of the parent

Question 29

benzo[a]pyrene makes ___ bp substitutions

Answer 29

GC -> TA

Question 30

p53 is a ____ that ___

Answer 30

positive TF that turns on genes that make DNA repair enzymes

Question 31

Smoking -> benzo[a]pyrene mutates TP53 gene –>____

Answer 31

lung cancer (can’t make DNA repair enzymes)

Question 31

TP53 gene makes ____

Answer 31

p53

Question 32

do humans have disease causing genes?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

Diseases are caused by mutations in ___

Answer 33

important genes

Question 34

BRACA1 gene makes ___

Answer 34

DNA repair enzyme

Question 35

most mutations occur where?

Answer 35

between genes

Question 36

mutations between genes: two types

Answer 36

1) Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
2) Short tandem repeats (STRs)

Question 37

SNPs used in ___ (2)

Answer 37

gene mapping
genetic testing

Question 38

STRs used in ___

Answer 38

DNA fingerprinting