Particles and Radiation

Question 1

What is the Charge and Relative Mass of a proton?

Answer 1

Charge is +1 and relative mass is 1

Question 2

What is the Charge and Relative Mass of a neutron?

Answer 2

Charge is 0 and relative mass is 1

Question 3

What is the Charge and Relative Mass of an electron?

Answer 3

Charge is -1 and relative mass is 1/2000

Question 4

What is the atomic number, what is the symbol?

Answer 4

the number of protons in the nucleus, the symbol is Z

Question 5

What is the nucleon number, what is the symbol?

Answer 5

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, the symbol is A

Question 6

What is an Isotope?

Answer 6

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Question 7

What are the forces acting on nucleons?

Answer 7

-Electrostatic due to the protons’ electric charge
-Gravitational due to the masses of the particle
-Strong Nuclear Force

Question 8

Describe the Strong Nuclear Force (strength and range)

Answer 8

-Attractive force that is stronger than the electrostatic force
-short range ( attractive between 0.5 to 3fm)
-repulsive below 0.5fm

Question 9

What is Alpha emission?

Answer 9

The emission of 2 protons and 2 neutrons from an unstable, large nucleus

Question 10

What changes in the atom due to alpha decay?

Answer 10

-Proton number decreases by 2
-Nucleon number decreases by 4

Question 11

What is Beta minus Decay?

Answer 11

-the emission of an electron from the nucleus along with an antineutrino, due to a neutron-rich nucleus.
-a neutron changes into a proton

Question 12

What changes in the atom due to beta minus decay?

Answer 12

-Atomic number increases by 1
-Nucleon number remains the same

Question 13

What is Beta plus Decay?

Answer 13

-the emission of a positron from the nucleus along with a neutrino, due to a proton-rich nucleus
-a proton changes into a neutron

Question 14

What changes in the atom due to beta plus decay?

Answer 14

-Atomic number decreases by 1
-Nucleon number remains the same

Question 15

What is the antiparticle for a :
-proton?
-neutron?
-electron?
-electron-neutrino?

Answer 15

-antiproton
-antineutron
-positron
-electron-antineutrino

Question 16

What is pair production?

Answer 16

a process where a high energy photon creates a particle-antiparticle pair

Question 17

What is annihilation?

Answer 17

When a particle meets its antiparticle and two photons are emitted in opposite directions to conserve momentum

Question 18

What are Hadrons?
-what are the 2 types?

Answer 18

-Particles that feel the strong nuclear force
-baryons and mesons

Question 19

What is the only stable baryon?
-what does this mean?
-Examples?
-What is the baryon number of a baryon?

Answer 19

-the proton
-all baryons decay into a proton
-protons obvs, and neutrons
- +1

Question 20

-What are Mesons?
-What are examples of Mesons?
-What is the baryon number of Mesons?

Answer 20

-Quark antiquark pair
-Pions and Kaons
-0

Question 21

What are the versions of Pions?

Answer 21

pi 0, pi+ and pi-

Question 22

What are versions of Kaons?

Answer 22

K 0 and K+

Question 23

What are leptons?

Answer 23

Fundamental particles that do not feel the strong nuclear force

Question 24

What are the types of leptons?

Answer 24

electrons, muons, tau

Question 25

What are the 3 types of Quarks?

Answer 25

Up, Down, Strange

Question 26

what is the charge, baryon number and strangeness of an Up quark?

Answer 26

- +2/3 - +1/3 - 0

Question 27

what is the charge, baryon number and strangeness of a down quark?

Answer 27

- -1/3 - +1/3 - 0

Question 28

what is the charge, baryon number and strangeness of a strange quark?

Answer 28

- -1/3 - +1/3 - -1

Question 29

-How many Quarks are Baryons made from? - How many Quarks are Mesons made from?

Answer 29

- 3 - 2

Question 30

What interaction changes the Quark type?

Answer 30

Weak Force

Question 31

What are the 4 properties that are conserved in Particle Interactions?

Answer 31

-Charge -Baryon Number -Strangeness (only in SNF) -Lepton Number

Question 32

What are gauge bosons?

Answer 32

The exchange particle between the four fundamental interactions

Question 33

What are the 4 fundamental forces?

Answer 33

-Strong -Weak -Electromagnetic -Gravity

Question 34

What are the gauge boson for each Fundamental Force?

Answer 34

-Strong: gluon -Weak: W+, W-, Z0 -Electromagnetic: virtual photon -Gravity: Graviton

Question 35

What is the relationship between the Mass and the Range of force for a boson?

Answer 35

The larger the mass of the gauge boson, the shorter the range of the force

Question 36

Draw a Feynman diagram for: -proton capture -beta minus and plus decay

Answer 36

search it up broski

Question 37

name 3 differences between internal conversion and beta minus decay?

Answer 37

1. in beta minus decay, a neutron turns into a proton unlike in internal conversion 2. Beta minus decay releases an anti electron neutrino, whereas internal conversion doesn't 3. Beta minus decay is a weak force interaction whereas internal conversion is electromagnetic

Question 38

Discuss the benefits of using electron diffraction rather than the closest approach of an alpha particle to evaluate nuclear radii.

Answer 38

1. you can get measurements for electron diffraction whereas the closest approach of an alpha particle is a calculation. (i.e test with an experiment, not just theory) 2. Alpha particle approach has an upper limit since it won't actually reach the nucleus, but above it so the calculated radius is larger than actual 3. Distance of alpha particle depends on its' initial energy

Question 39

the forces between two moving electrons cause their paths to change. Explain, using the concept of exchange particles, why the electron paths change

Answer 39

- exchange particle is a photon - they have momentum conservation of momentum enables electron to change path