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Path Flashcards

1
Q

Lomitapide

A

microsomal tg transfer protein
VLDL decrease in liver

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2
Q

Increased reticulocyte

A

increased erthyropoiesis

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3
Q

Tumour lysis syndrome

A

Rasied K / Phos / Urate
Decreased Calcium

Leukaemia and lymphoma

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4
Q

Porphyria

A

Hb / peroxidase / P450

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5
Q

Rivaroxaban antidote

A

Andexanet Alfa

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6
Q

Essential Thrombocytosis increased

A

increased platelets
increased stroke

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7
Q

DIC

A

Increased
- INR
- APTT
- D-Dimer
Decreased
- Platelets

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8
Q

PT time

A

ext and common pathway

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9
Q

Second most common childhood inheirted condition

A

Schwachman Diamond Syndrome - pancreas

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10
Q

CLL

A

Ibrutinib - typrosine kinase Inhibitor

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11
Q

Bullous Pemphigoid

A

anti-hemidesmosome

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12
Q

Crohns

A

infliximab - TNF alpha
Not use with TB

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13
Q

Mantoux

A

Tuberculin purifed protien derivative

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14
Q

CGD

A

Interferon gamma

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15
Q

Azathiroprine

A

6-Mercaptopurine

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16
Q

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic state

A

diabetes
toilet
increase glucose and osmolality not postassium
HONK

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17
Q

Evolocumab

A

decreased LDL
PCKS9

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18
Q

Fam HyperC

A

increased LDL

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19
Q

Osteomalacia

A

decreased vit D / Ca / phosphate
increased PTH / ALP
mobility

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20
Q

PseudoHypoTH

A

resistance
4th and 5th metac
normal Ca

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21
Q

Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia

A

increased C and TG
APOE2
alzheimers

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22
Q

Rapid progressive glomerulonephritis

A

SLE / blood / protein
urea and creatinine up
nephritic

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23
Q

Acute alcoholic Hep

A

less than 24 hours
AST > ALT > ALP

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24
Q

HH

A

AR

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25
Q

ALT

A

Viral Hepatitis

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26
Q

Most common breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

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27
Q

Acute infectious glomerulonephritis

A

blood / froth
history of fever
htn

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28
Q

Aspirgillous

A

Methenamine silver stain
PCP - silver stain

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29
Q

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasisi

A

travel, sores, mouth, sand fly and macrophages

visceral = liver - splenic aspiration
cut = skin

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30
Q

Listeriosis

A

gastroenteritis
+ve rod
ampicillin

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31
Q

Reticulocyte

A

polychromatic and stain RNA

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32
Q

Imatinib

A

CML

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33
Q

SCD

A

defect in beta chain - HBSS

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34
Q

Heparin induced thrombocytopaenia

A

prothrombotic
immune complex
pt factor 4

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35
Q

CML

A

Increased
- WCC
- Neutrophil

LUQ Pain

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36
Q

Mild ITP

A

No treatment
Pt over 50

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37
Q

DVT investigation order

A

D dimer
CXR
USS Doppler

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38
Q

Dyskertosis congenita

A

Pancytopaenia

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39
Q

CLL

A

CD19
CD5
Increased
- Lymphocyte
Painless cervical lymphadenopathy

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40
Q

Common variable ID

A

Low
- IgG
- IgM

Give - IvIG

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41
Q

Bruton Agammglobinaemia

A

recurrent infections
low lymphocyte, b cell and normal T cell
low IgM, G and A

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42
Q

ATP

A

Targets - GP IIb/IIIa

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43
Q

Anti-Ro at birth with SLE

A

Congential heart block

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44
Q

X linked SCID

A

IL-2
shows after 28 days
eczema / diarrhoea
fever
no T / no B, normal neutrophil

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45
Q

TNF Alpha

A

RA / Amyloidosis / IBD

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46
Q

Ezetimibe

A

NPC 1L1
Decrease
- Cholesterol Absorption

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47
Q

Allopurinol

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

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48
Q

Lead

A

Sideroblastic anaemia
Hyperuricaemia
Low HB

associated with Alcohol

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49
Q

Tangier

A

orange tonsil
peripheral neuropathy
low HDL
ABCA1

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50
Q

Bile acids formation

A

Cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase

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51
Q

Osteoscleorsis

A

Increased bone density

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52
Q

Best measure for urinary protein loss

A

24 hour urine collection

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53
Q

Lesch Nyhan

A

Hyperuricaemia
HGPRT
X-linked

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54
Q

Fanconi Syndrome

A

PCT not work - urine/glucose and protein
Rickets
HypoK
ph - alkaline
no ketones
failure to thrive

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55
Q

G6PD

A

Jaundice
unconjugated VR
DAT Negative

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56
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Eosin 5 maleimide

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57
Q

Shortest half life plt

A

Factor 7
inhibited fastest

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58
Q

Shwachman Diamond
Diamond blackfan

A

neutoropenia
anaemia

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59
Q

ACD

A

low - TIBC
high ferritin
pathology

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60
Q

Dyskeratosis congenita

A

Primary bone marrow
nail dystropy
pigmentation
aplastic / pulmonary fibrosis
telomeres

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61
Q

4T score

A

probability of getting heparin induced thrombocytopenia

platelet factor 4

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62
Q

Anti-GBM

A

type IV collagen

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63
Q

JC virus

A

Progressive multifococal leukoencephalopathy

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64
Q

MS monoclonal

A

Natalizumab

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65
Q

SCID

A

Reticular dysgeneis

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66
Q

Inactivated vaccine examples

A

rabies and HepA

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67
Q

Degranulation

A

Neutrophil release enzymes

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68
Q

GC 2

A

antibodies against own tissue

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69
Q

Calineurin

A

Cyclosporine - gingiuvial hyperplasia
Tacrolimus

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70
Q

Coaliac and graves

A

DQ2
DQ3

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71
Q

FNHTR

A

IL1
fever packed RBCs

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72
Q

Hyperkalaemia

A

sine wave
broad complex tachy

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73
Q

Orlistat

A

Lipases

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74
Q

Blood sulfonylureas

A

factitious hypog
too much insulin (exogenous)

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75
Q

Azathioprine

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor with it otherwise tmpt (Thiopurine methyltransferase)

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76
Q

RLS step in de novo purine synthesis

A

PAT

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77
Q

Wilsons

A

Renal tubular acidosis
hypokalaemia

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78
Q

MEN1

A

Pituitary adenoma

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79
Q

Fracture

A

ALP

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80
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

CT abdomen
adenocarcinoma

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81
Q

HTN and T2DM

A

TIA

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82
Q

T1DM

A

MRI optic and brain nerves with retroocular pain

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83
Q

Copper stain

A

Rhodanine

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84
Q

Ductal carcinoma in situ

A

Not invade basement membrane
non invasive dysplastic

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85
Q

Bicalutamide

A

Androgen antagonist

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86
Q

Athletes foot

A

Cotrimazole

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87
Q

Dengue

A

Saddle back fever
3-14 days
flavivirus
supportive care
Female Aedes Mosquito

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88
Q

Lyme

A

Borrelia Burgdorferi

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89
Q

Widespread fungal infection

A

Terbinafine

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90
Q

Lesihmaniasis

A

Splenic aspirate
Amphotercin B

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91
Q

Tapeworm

A

Taenia Saginata

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92
Q

AML

A

myeloid precusor
young or very old
white and neutorphil
splenomegaly

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93
Q

MM

A

Large monoclonal bands

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94
Q

CLL

A

Adult common leukaemia

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95
Q

Bind free HB in blood strean

A

Haptoglobin

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96
Q

Renal failure

A

warfarin

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97
Q

Rasburicase

A

prophylaxis tumour lysis syndrome

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98
Q

Reverse doac

A

Idarucizumab

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99
Q

SCID

A

Common gamma chain defect
IL-2RG

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100
Q

Mast cell

A

Mast cell trypstase

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101
Q

Liver proteins produced in response to infection

A

Acute phase proteins

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102
Q

Ritonavir

A

Protease inhibitor

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103
Q

Hyperkalaemia

A

Bradycardia
P wave depression
Tall peaked t waves

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104
Q

Polarised light Gout

A

Orange

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105
Q

Causes of rasied anion gap

A

Glycols
Oxoproline
lactate
methanol
aspirin
renal failure
ketoacidosis

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106
Q

Cyanide antidote

A

hydroxycobalamin
AV block

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107
Q

Cholestyramine

A

Break down cholesterol

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108
Q

First line for prostate cancer

A

Docetaxel then radical prostateectomy

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109
Q

Waxy casts

A

Chronic renal disease

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110
Q

Focal segmented glomerulnephritis

A

Thickened
antibody complexes
scarring
t2dm

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111
Q

Membranous GN

A

proteinuria
hep B
spikes - subepithelial

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112
Q

Area of regrowing tissue

A

Pseudopolyp

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113
Q

Lithium

A

Ventirular anesuryms

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114
Q

oestrogen receptor

A

Invasive breast carcinoma

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115
Q

Influenza

A

Oseltamvir

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116
Q

Chancroid painful ulcers

A

Haemophilus Ducreyi

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117
Q

Tinea

A

Potassium hydroxide

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118
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

A

Plumbers lung
doxycycline

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119
Q

Wood lamp orange
hypopigmentation

A

Pityriasis versicolor

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120
Q

Uncooked chicken

A

staph aureus

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121
Q

not react to light

A

Argyll robertson pupil

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122
Q

Leptospirosis

A

farmer
jaundice
subconjunctival haemorrhage

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123
Q

Macrolide

A

50s ribosome

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124
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

tumbling motility and rockets

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125
Q

agalactiae

A

b haemolytic strep

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126
Q

Schwann diamond

A

neutropenia
pancreatic dysfunction

127
Q

M3 subtype AML

A

All trans retinoic acid

128
Q

Essental thrombocytosis

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia

129
Q

Heparin induced thrombocytopaenia

A

VTE
noraml liver, no immune cause
pro thrombin time
4t score
rapid anti coag - bilvariudin

130
Q

Ventoclax

A

BCL2 inhibtor - CLL
increase lymphocyte apoptosis

131
Q

Protein C & S synthesis

A

Protein C & S

132
Q

Eosinophil

A

Bi lobed

133
Q

basophil

A

Large blue specks

134
Q

Lymphoma and translocations please

A

F - 1418
B - 814 - cmyc
M - 1114
CML - 922
APMl - 1517 = All trans retinoic acid

135
Q

NADPH oxidase

A

CGD

136
Q

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

A

type 2

137
Q

Common variable immuno deficieny

A

normal human Ig for life

138
Q

T cell proliferation and cell act on

A

IL2
CD4

139
Q

B agammaglobinaemia

A

normal human Ig

140
Q

T helper 2

A

Allergies

141
Q

Coeliac

A

Protein losing enteropathy

142
Q

Doltuegravir

A

Integrase inhibitor

143
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Looser zones
Pseudofractures

144
Q

Men

A

Autosomal dominant

145
Q

Osmolality

A

lab - calculated

146
Q

TCAs

A

Overdose - heart block

147
Q

Renal tubular acidosis

A

hypokalaemia

148
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

1 alpha hydroxylase

149
Q

Addisons

A

metabolic acidosis
coeliac and low BP

150
Q

Fanconi

A

proximal not work
renal tubules
glycosuria
low phosphate
and high urea

151
Q

Fat necrosis

A

trauma
mass with marking s

152
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

most commmon lung

153
Q

Invasive ductal

A

most common breast

154
Q

Acute interstiital nephritis

A

Drugs

155
Q

PSC

A

p-anca

156
Q

Syphilis

A

Jarsch Herxheimer reaction
give pred

157
Q

Sinusitis

A

Pen V

158
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis

A

Amp B

159
Q

Blue under woods lamp

A

Tinea versicolor

160
Q

Molludum contagiosum

A

kaposis sarcoma

161
Q

Severe malaria

A

10% parasite level

162
Q

Scarlet fever

A

Strep pyogenes

163
Q

Diamond blackfan

A

cleft lip
erythroid precursor

164
Q

Lymphocyte

A

blue cytoplasm
RBC size
giant nucleus

165
Q

Warfarin inhibitirs

A

Vit K epoxide reductase

166
Q

Opsonisation

A

bind to bacteria allow phagocytosis

167
Q

Zidovudine

A

NRTI

168
Q

IgE

A

Radioallergosorbent test

169
Q

IL6

A

Tocilizumab

170
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

B cell

171
Q

Lomitapide

A

MTP inhibitor
LDL lowering

172
Q

Type 1 renal tubular acdiosis

A

metabolic
hypo K
renal stones
not secrete hydrogen

type 2 - moderate - hco3
type 4 - hyperk and low aldosterone

173
Q

Raised ALP

A

Biliary obstruction

174
Q

Most common cause of renal failure

A

Diabetes

175
Q

TTP

A

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

HA
low plateltes
stroke

176
Q

Radiopaque renal stone

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

177
Q

Casts in urine

A

nephrotic syndrome

178
Q

Stroke

A

Ct head non contrast

179
Q

Acantholysis

A

loss of desmosomal connections
between cells
pemphigus vulgaris

180
Q

HGF2

A

Trastuzumab - breast cancer

181
Q

Izoniazid

A

Peripheral neuropathy

182
Q

Strep

A

Blood agar

183
Q

Beef tapeworm

A

taenic solium

184
Q

3rd trimester uti

A

ceflexin

185
Q

Fluroquinolones

A

Ciprofloxacin

186
Q

Doxyclcin

A

Tetracycline

187
Q

72 hr fever pattern

A

Plasmodium malariae

188
Q

Lowenstein jansen

A

TB

189
Q

Glycopeptide

A

Vancomycin

190
Q

Pyrazinamide

A

Hyperuricaemia

191
Q

Hodgin staging

A

PET-CT scan

192
Q

Hepcidin

A

ferroportin inhibit

193
Q

AML

A

Auer rods

194
Q

CLL

A

smudge cells

195
Q

Burkitts

A

c myc
814
lots of phagocytose lymphocytes

196
Q

Sickle cell

A

Howell jolly

197
Q

IV IG

A

give if platlet count raised quickly

198
Q

3 months

A

Unprovoked DVT treatment

199
Q

monocyte

A

3 x RBC, kidney shaped nuclues

200
Q

Monitor what with unfractioned heparin

A

APTT
AT111

201
Q

increased pt count

A

prednisolone

202
Q

Warfarin

A

decrease protein c & S

203
Q

Hookworm

A

IDA

204
Q

D-dimer

A

fibrin degradation

205
Q

Prphyria

A

Haem synthesis

206
Q

Andexanat Alfa

A

Rivaroxaban antidote

207
Q

Essential thrombocytosis

A

rasied megaK
platelets raised
increased stroke

208
Q

PT

A

extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

209
Q

mantoux test crohns

A

Tb interacts with TNF alpha inhibtors
hence it can activate TB

210
Q

T helper

A

CD3 CD4

211
Q

Rejection

A

sensitise beforehand

212
Q

HIV

A

HIV bind to CD4
expose gp41 - fuse with gp120
then CCR5

213
Q

GvHD

A

organ vs recipient cells and tissues

214
Q

Polyarteritis Nodosa

A

small aneurysms
rosary bead appearance

215
Q

CD14

A

Monocytes

216
Q

EGwP

A

fever/rash
small vessel vasculitis
p-anca
corticosteroids

217
Q

IgA

A

breastmilk

218
Q

Lomitapide

A

MTP
LDL
blocks VLDL

219
Q

Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemiea

A

ApoE2

220
Q

NPC1L1

A

Ezetimibe
gut absorber
blocks blood cholesterol

221
Q

Polycystin 1

A

PKD

222
Q

Most common renal cancer

A

renal cell carcinoma

223
Q

PE

A

DVT

224
Q

Post strep glomerulonephritis

A

immune complex
post infection

225
Q

Pink frothy suptum

A

Pulmonary oedmea

226
Q

ALP

A

Ischaemic marker

227
Q

Bad prognostic breast cancer

A

HER2
Invasive breast carcinoma

228
Q

Renal cell cancer

A

flank haemturia mass on one side

229
Q

Oesphageal candidiasis

A

HIV test

230
Q

Cutaenous lesihmanisasis

A

volcano like lesion

231
Q

Oseltamvir

A

Influenza
neuroamindase

232
Q

Sandfly

A

leishmaniasis

233
Q

Methenamine silver stain

A

aspergillosis

234
Q

Splenic aspirate

A

Leischmaniasis

235
Q

Taenia saginata

A

beef tapeworm

236
Q

potasssium hydroixde

A

fungal infection

237
Q

SCD

A

salmonella bacteraemia

238
Q

Coxiella

A

multi lobar penumonia

239
Q

Non sedating antihistamine

A

anaphylaxis transfusion

240
Q

Coeliac

A

Diabetes
HLADQ2

241
Q

NK

A

Innate lymphocyte
no receptors

242
Q

Granulmatosis with polyangitis aka wegeners

A

rapid decline in kidney function
nosebleeds
c-anca

243
Q

B12

A

pernicious anaemia

244
Q

Speckles homogenous

A

anti dsdna - homogenous
anti centromere - speckled

245
Q

ILs

A

IL1 - fever
IL6 - Tolizumab
CRP - C1q

246
Q

rate limiting step in de novo syntheis

A

PAT

247
Q

gout in red light

A

orange

248
Q

cyanide poisoning

A

hydroxycobalamin

249
Q

Papillary muscle damage

A

mitral regurgitation

250
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris

A

blister in mouth
diabetes
acntholytic cells
basal kertinocytes - basment membrance

251
Q

Signet ring sign lung

A

Bronchiectasis

252
Q

Most deadly cancer

A

lung

253
Q

Dark urine

A

myoglobin

254
Q

Group A strep

A

acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis

255
Q

Membranous glomerular disease

A

pred
thickening

256
Q

Brown casts

A

cast nephropathy
acute tubular necrosis

257
Q

Alports

A

giberts

258
Q

Chronic cystitis

A

Squamos cell carcinoma

259
Q

Hereditary haemochromatosis

A

low TIBC
high transferrin
high ferriting
family history

260
Q

bronchiectasis

A

tram track signs

261
Q

Relapsing remiting happens where

A

Multiple sclerosis

262
Q

Aschoff bodies

A

heart failure in rheumatic disease

263
Q

Plasma cell

A

secrete Ig

264
Q

HLA DR3

A

graves
sle

265
Q

Sjogrens

A

MALt

266
Q

TACO

A

transfusion associated circulatory overload

267
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa

A

hep b
sural nerver
roasry bead

268
Q

NRTIs

A

zidovudine and abacavir

269
Q

Catalase organisms

A

e coli and listeria
CGD

270
Q

Oral candida

A

Common immunodeficiency

271
Q

Thryoid cancer

A

anti-thyroglobin

272
Q

Steroids

A

acute leukocytosis

273
Q

Subdural

A

crescent shaped

274
Q

Acute intersitial nephritis

A

white cell casts
eosinophilia
antibiotic use

275
Q

ILD

A

high resolution CT

276
Q

Lambert eaton

A

SSLC

277
Q

Dilated left atrium

A

bifid p waves
failed cardioversion

278
Q

heart and liver

A

AST - aspartate aminotransferase

279
Q

LFTs

A

ALP > ALT - cholecystisi
ALT - toxins
AST > ALT - alcohol
Pregnant - ALP and fracture

280
Q

SLE

A

rapidly progressive glomeruonephritis

281
Q

Kostmanns

A

congential neutorpenia
granulocyte colony stimulating factor
increased neutorphil levels

282
Q

Diffuse CSS

A

more than arms and legs

283
Q

HIV

A

retroviridae

284
Q

CART

A

chimeric antigen receptor t cells
tisagenleculeucal
leaukamia
large bc cell
cytokine release

285
Q

Alemtuzumab

A

CD52 and all t cells

286
Q

IgA

A

4 binding sites

287
Q

Brutons agammaglobinemia

A

Low Bcell and Tgs
BTK
6 monhts
breastfedding
normal IvIg for life

288
Q

Mantoux

A

tuberculin purified protein derivative

289
Q

Autimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

A

gpIIb / IIIa

290
Q

RA

A

rasied platelets and ATP

291
Q

Most common non hodgkin lymphoma

A

Diffuse Large B cell lymphoma

292
Q

IgH variable mutation good or bad

A

Good for CLL

293
Q

CML

A

raised WBC, neutrophil and myelocyte
prone to infection

294
Q

Carbimazole

A

bone marrow suprresion

295
Q

Myelodysplastic syndrome

A

hypogranula lobed neutrophiles
cytopenias
infections becasue of neutropenias

296
Q

Oral Cavity cancer

A

SCC

297
Q

Hemoglbinuria, renal cell carcinoma and cysts on pancreas

A

Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome

298
Q

Virus for nephritis

A

BK

299
Q

Sjorgens

A

Lymphocytes

300
Q

Large thin walled cysts

A

PCKD

301
Q

HOCM

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

302
Q

Smear cell

A

CLL

303
Q

Heart failure

A

Iron overload

304
Q

Moulds

A

Alfatoxin
HCC

305
Q

High ALP

A

Cholestasis

306
Q

Traveller

A

Salmonella typhi

307
Q

Low Co2

A

BDZs

308
Q

Low calcium by itself

A

Hypoparathroidism

309
Q

Bad hepatitis in pregnancy

A

Hep E

310
Q

CAH

A

21- hydroxylase def

311
Q

SLE symptoms

A

rash, ulcer, hair loss

312
Q

HIV main virus

A

cryotcoccus
rapid antigen test

313
Q

eosinophil interleukin

A

IL5

314
Q

Blood culture what condition

A

endocarditis

Path Past Papers (38 decks)

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