Pathogens 1

Question 1

The advances of modern medicine have made infectious disease globally rare?

Answer 1

FALSE

Question 2

What percent of diseases make up non-infectious diseases?

Answer 2

74% of deaths

Question 3

What is a pathogen?

Answer 3

Causes damage (disease) in the host

Question 4

What percent of diseases make up infectious diseases?

Answer 4

14%

Question 5

What is a commensal pathogen?

Answer 5

A member of the normal microbiota that may cause disease under some conditions

Question 6

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

Answer 6

Causes disease only in compromised hosts

Question 7

What is a primary pathogen?

Answer 7

Causes diseases even in healthy people and doesn’t cause disease in all infected individuals

Question 8

Who came up with the germ theory of disease?

Answer 8

Pasteur/ Joseph Lister

Question 9

What did Robert Koch contribute to MO that cause disease?

Answer 9

Worked on tuberculosis, anthrax, cholera, and developed Koch’s postulates

Question 10

What are kochs postulates?

Answer 10

1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure cultures
3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
4. The suspected pathogen must be related and shown to be the same as the orignal

Question 11

What can kochs postulates not be satisfied by?

Answer 11

• Some true pathogens cannot be grown in culture
• Commensal pathogens
• Opportunisitic pathgens

Question 12

What are the steps to pathogen entry of a host.

Answer 12

1. attachment
2. invasion
3. short circuit the immune system
4. damage
5. return to reservoir to infect new host

Question 13

What are 2 ways pathogens cause damage?

Answer 13

1. Takes up space and resources
2. Toxins

Question 14

What are pathogens good at?

Answer 14

1. Attaching at a specific site
2. Crossing Barriers
3. Adapting to growth in the host
4. Producing toxins
5. Evoke strong inflammatory response

Question 15

What are reservoirs?

Answer 15

Sites at which pathogens remains viable and from which individuals may be infected

Question 16

What are enviornment reservoirs?

Answer 16

1. Soil
2. Water
3. Plants

Question 17

What are some animal reservoirs?

Answer 17

zoonosis
1. Wild animals
2. Domestic animals

Question 18

What are some human reservoirs?

Answer 18

humans

Question 19

What % of humans carry S. aureus

Answer 19

50%

Question 20

What are the different methods of transmission?

Answer 20

1. Direct contact
2. Inhalation
3. Consumption of contaminated water/food
4. Bites
5. Indirect transmission through a vector

Question 21

How does EHEC attach to small intestine?

Answer 21

Capsule

Question 22

How does streptococcus pyogens attach to respiratory mucosa?

Answer 22

Adherence protein

Question 23

how does Neisseria honorhoeae bind to urogenital epithelium?

Answer 23

Fimbriae

Question 24

What is invasion?

Answer 24

Crossing anatomical barriers into host tissues

Question 25

What are the steps of invasion?

Answer 25

1. Attach to epithelial cells 2. Enter epithelial cells 3. Loosen junctions and move between cells 4. Transit to deeper tissues

Question 26

Do all pathogens invade?

Answer 26

No some stay put

Question 27

Do all pathogens grow inside cells?

Answer 27

No some alternative between growth inside and growth outside

Question 28

What are obligate intracellular pathogens?

Answer 28

Pathogen needs to be inside the cell to grow

Question 29

Crossing the cell barrier is normally what process?

Answer 29

Microbe-detected

Question 30

The initial number of cells normally _____ to cause damage?

Answer 30

Too small

Question 31

how do extracellular pathogen aquire nutrients?

Answer 31

Secreted hydrolytic enzymes

Question 32

how do intracellular pathogen aquire nutrients?

Answer 32

Nutrients from host cell cytoplasm

Question 33

What does the host cell restrict for nutrients?

Answer 33

Iron

Question 34

What are two things needed for a pathogen to grow and replicate?

Answer 34

1. Nutrients 2. Appropriate environmental condition

Question 35

What is a pathogens response to host enviornment!

Answer 35

Regulation of virulence factors

Question 36

What is special about s aureus in terms of its response to enviornment?

Answer 36

Quorum sensing

Question 37

What are two ways host damage happens?

Answer 37

1. Invasions of tissues and growth at these sites 2. Toxins 3. Disrupt normal immune system

Question 38

What are exotoxins?

Answer 38

Protein that damages the cell in some way and are very specific

Question 39

What is the structue exotoxins?

Answer 39

1A:5B Structure A - active toxic effect B - Binding to receptor

Question 40

What is an example of an exotoxin?

Answer 40

Pore forming toxin in staphlococcus aureus and diherra

Question 41

What are endotoxins?

Answer 41

LPS MAMP part of gram negative cell wall that creates a strong related response

Question 42

How does LPS create a strong immune response?

Answer 42

1. Binds to TLR1 TLR2 and TLR4 2. too much LPS too much immune response

Question 43

How do pathogens avoid host immune response?

Answer 43

1. Intracellular growth 2. Invade privileged area not monitored by IS 3. Avoid/Inhibit phagocytosis 4. Lack of MAMPS for detection

Question 44

How do pathogens Actively disrupt the immune system?

Answer 44

1. Kill immune cells 2. Interfere with immune signaling 3. Interfere with immune effector function

Question 45

How does bacillus anthracis protect agains host?

Answer 45

1. Capsule 2. Toxins

Question 46

Virulence is a ____ system

Answer 46

Multi-factorial