Pathologies Flashcards by Pothinea Lockett

CIRRHOSIS
The LIVER is SCARRED

• Tremor (
• Hepatic Foeter
• Eye and skin yellow
• Loss of appetite
• increased bilirubin and ammonia
• Varices
• Edema in legs
• Reduced platelets & WBCs
• Itchy skin
• Spider anginomas
• Splenomegaly
• Confused or Coma
• Ascites
• Reddened Palms
• Renal failure
• Enlarged Breast
• Deficient in Vit.A , B 12, C, D E K

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ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
“HAD STREP”

• Hypertension
• ASO “antistrepolysin” tiger
• Decreased GFR low urinary output
And increased K+
“ Swelling in face and eyes (mild)
• Tea-colored urine
• Recent Strep infection
• Elevated Bun & creatinine
• Proteinuria

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IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
“LOW IRON”

• Lethargic
•Overexerted easily…may have SOB
•Weird food graving (Ice., Clay & dirt)

• inflammation of tongue or Increased Hr
• Reduced Hgb levels
•Observe changes in RBC’s
•Nail changes

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SEPSIS
Risk Factors

• Suppressed immune system
• Extreme age (infant & elderly)
• People who received transplants
• Surgical procedures
• Indwelling devices
• Sickness (HF, renal failure ,liver failure)

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Septic Shock
Msg Interventions

• Start antibiotics
• Enteral nutrition
• Protein activated C
• Titrate vasopressor
• Inotropics
• Crystalloids & Colloids

• S
• Hemodynamics
• Oxygenate
• Culture
• Keep blood glucose below 180mg/dL

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TUBERCULOSIS
Risk Factors
TB RISK

• Tight quarters
• Below poverty level
• Refugee
• Immune suppressed
• Substance abuse
• Kids under age 5

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CARDIAC OUTPUT

• The amount of blood pumped by the
Heart per minute

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GESTATIONAL DIABETES
MOMMA
Risk Factors

• Maternal age ( greater than 35)
• Overweight or Obese
• Macrosomia ( large baby)
• Multiple children
• A history of DX.

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7 L’s of Hypokalemia

• Lethargic
• Lethal cardiac changes
• Low shallow respirations
• Loss of urine
• Leg cramps
• Limp muscles
• Low BP & HR

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COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

• 6 P’s
• Pain
• Pallor
• Paralysis
• Pulselessness
• Parathesia
• Poikilothermia

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TUBERCULOSIS II
Signs and symptoms

• coughing that lasts three or more weeks
• coughing up blood
• Fever
• Night sweats
• Fatigue
• unintentional weight loss
• chills
• loss of appetite
• Chest pain or pain w/breathing or coughing

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EPIGLOTTITIS
Signs & symptoms
ADD AIR NURSE

• Abnormal position (tripod)
• Dysphasia leads to drooling
• Difficulty speaking

• Apprehension
• Increased temp (high)
• Rapid onset

• Nasal Flaring
• Using accessory muscles
• Retractions ( Chest)
• Stridor
• Enlarged epiglottis

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MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Signs & Symptoms

• Weakness in neck, face, arms/legs
• Eyelid drooping & ptosis
• Appearance mask-like
• Keep choking, gagging while eating
• No energy
• Extra ocular muscle involvement
• Slurred speech
• Shortness of breath

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Celiac Disease

Autoimmune GI disorder where when gluten is ingested it damages villi.

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Foods to AVOID w/ Celiac disease
“BROW”

Barley
Rye
Oats
Wheat

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Signs and symptoms
Of
Celiac Disease
“ MALNOURISHED “

Mouth sores
Anemia
Lactose intolerance
Nausea/vomiting
Osteo (thinning fx)
Unexplored growth, puberty (kids)
Rashes (dermatitis herpeformitis)
Irregular. Periods or irritable
Stool greasy
Hair loss
Enamel changes
Diarrhea

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METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
ALKALI

A ldosterone production excessive
- Hyperaldosteronism activates RAAS
L oop diuretics ( Lasix) or thiazides kidneys
waste hydrogen ions (ex. Chloride)- increases bicarb
Kali ingestion (baking soda, antacids, milk)
Anticoagulant ( citrate) used in storage for blood transfusion & during
L oss of fluids “ vomiting & NG suction” rich in hydrogen ions (ex. K) increases bicarb.
Increased sodium bicarb administration

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DIVERTICULITIS

Formation of outpouching hollow sacs throughout the intestinal wall,

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Signs and symptoms
“POUCH”

Pain (LLQ)
Observed bleeding
Unrelenting cramps
C
High temp

Intracranial pressure
Signs & Symptoms
“ mind crushed”y

• M = mental status change
• I = increased breathing (chrome stokes)
• N =Nerve optic and oculomotor
• D = Decerebrate or decorticate

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
7S’s of intervention/education

• S = Sucking pacifier ( to keep baby calm)
• S = Skin to skin ( to keep baby calm)
• S = Swaddle (to keep baby calm)
• S = Stress or
• S = Squat ( relieve cyanotic tet spells)
• S = Small frequent meals (to keep baby calm)
• S = Surgery

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Hypocalcemia
“HATR”

• H = Hypomagnesemia
• A = Autoimmune
• T = Thyroidectomy
• R = Radiation

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Hypercalcemia
“DRT”

• D= Decreased Ca+ absorption
• R= Renal Failure
• T= Tumor ( Adenoma & Malignant)

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
“AEIOU”

A = Acidemia
E = Electrolye imbalances
I = Intoxication
O= Overload of fluids
U= Uremia

CELIAC DISORDER Signs & Symptoms “ Malnourished “

M = Mouth ulcers A = Anemia L. = Lactose intolerance N = Nausea/vomiting O = Osteo changes (thinning, fx) U = Unexplained slow growth/puberty R = Rashes ( Dermatitis Herpetiformis) I = Irregular periods, irritable S = Stool greasy and odorous H E D = Diarrhea

DISEQUILIBRIUM SYNDROME Signs & symptoms

• Restlessness • vomiting •

NO NO’s for Dialysis

• No BP on arm with fistula • No restricted clothing or jewelry • No creams or lotions • No sleeping on arm

SEIZURES

CAUSES • Fever • Etoh w/drawal • hypoglycemia • CNS infection ( bacterial meningitis) •

SEIZURES IRISK FACTORS “STOP SEIZURES “

• Stress • Trauma • Over exerted easily • Pregnancy and periods • Sleep loss • Electrolyte imbalances • Illness • visualiZations distrurbances • Under-medicated • Recreational drugs • Etoh (alcohol withdrawals

INTERVENTIONS for ICP “PRESSURE”

P = position HOB @ 30-35 degrees • No flexion of Neck & HIP R = resp.

RISK FACTORS OF Cholethiasis 6F’s

• Family Hx • Fair (skin tone) • Female • Fertile • Fat (BMI greater than 30) • Forty (greater than 40)

APPENDICITIS

• inflammation of the appendix Signs & Symptoms • A = abdominal pain • P = point of McBurneys • P = • E = elevated temperature • N = nausea and vomiting • D = desire to be in fetal position • I = Increased WBC’s • eXperience rebound gas

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS “DEPRESS”

• Drugs ( opioids morphine fentanyl) sedatives. Diseases of the Neuromuscular System such as Myasthenia Gravis and Guillen Barre’ syndrome. • Edema fluid in the lungs • Pneumonia • Respiratory depression • Emboli can block pulmonary artery • Spasm • S acs elasticity damaged

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS “Tachypnea”

CAUSES: • Expelling to much CO2.from the lungs • Temperature increased in the body (fever) • Aspirin toxicity: Too much aspirin •cControlled mechanical ventilation • Hyperventilating • hYsteria (anxiety) causing hyperventilation • Nausea & vomiting •

OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA)

Is a form of arthritis that in which the deterioration of the articular cartilage.

Signs & symptoms OSTEO

• O= Outgrowths bony - Herberden & Bausch • S = Sunrise stiffness less than 30 min. • T = Tenderness of joint site, bone spurs • Experience “crepitus” grating • Only the joint NOT systemic - No fever & no anemia

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

• is a form of arthritis that is attacking the Synovium

Signs and symptoms (RA) 7 S’s

• Swelling • Sunrise stiffness greater than 30 min • Symmetrical • Systemic • soft tender joint • Stages ( synovitis, paninis, ankylosis • Synovium inflamed

OSTEOPOROSIS

Disease that thins the bone to the point it can’t withstand normal stress

ALZHEIMER DISORDER

• chronic brain disorder that is a type of Dementia

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS “ACIDOTIC”

• A spirin toxicity • Carbs not metabolize • Insufficiency of kidneys • Diarrhea • Ostomy care • Tula care same as ostomy • I • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

PLACENTA PREVIA “PREVIA”

P• Painless Bright red bleeding R• Relaxed soft non tender uterus E• Episodes of bleeding V• Visible bleeding I • Intercourse post bleeding A• Abnormal fetal position

ABRUPTIO PLACENTA “DETACHED”

D•Dark red bleeding E• Extended fundal height T• Tender uterus A• Abd. pain & contractions C• Concealed bleeding H• Hard abdomen E• Experience D.I.C D• Distressed Baby

DIABETES INSIPIDUS 7D’s

• Dry Inside • Drinking a lot ( increased thirst) • Desmopressin • Death by HA (low sodium) • Dehydrated ( increased BP) • Drain urine • Diluted urine (hypernatremia)

PANCREATITIS “Risk Factors” GATE

• Gall stones • Alcohol • Trauma • ERCP