Pathology 1.1

Question 1

causes of cell injury and death

Answer 1

physical, hypoxia, toxins, infection, inflammation, genetics, nutrition

Question 2

which are cells most prone to injury

Answer 2

high metabolic activity, rapidly proliferating

Question 3

free radicals

Answer 3

major cause of cell damage.

ACE vitamins protect from them

Question 4

degrees of cell injury

Answer 4

reversible- not enough to kill cell
Mild ATN, toxic liver injury, severe exercisee

irreversible- cell death
holes in membrane, long Ca++ influx, mitochondrial loss

Question 5

apoptosis

Answer 5

programmed cell death

energy requiring

one cell @ a time, no inflammation

completely normal, happens in embryology down to regular cell turnover.

viral infections can induce it

Question 6

necrosis

Answer 6

uncontrolled cell death

cell membrane disruption

inflammation

cell clusters

*gangrene.

Question 7

hypoxia

Answer 7

loss of ATP, anaerobic glycolysis with lactate and acidosis.

cell swells and ER vacuoles, fatty change

Question 8

Apoptosis mechanisms

Answer 8

intrinsic pathway- dominant, based on mitochondria. BCL2 and Bax.

Caspase cascade

Question 9

apoptptic cell

Answer 9

condensed cell body, nucleus is shriveled up. DNA gets degraded. TdT stains for free ends of DNA

Question 10

too much apoptosis

Answer 10

neurodegenerative disease, ischemic diseases (MI, Stroke)

Question 11

too little apoptosis

Answer 11

neoplasms (p53 mutations common)

viral infections. immune induced apoptosis

Question 12

cellular changes in necrosis

Answer 12

deep red cytoplasm
swollen cells
nuclei not basiphilic
hemorrhage
acute inflammation
fibrosis

Question 13

pyknosis

Answer 13

shriveled dark nucleus

Question 14

karyolysis

Answer 14

digested, pale nucleus. no longer blue

Question 15

Karyorrhexis

Answer 15

nuclear fragmentation

Question 16

patterns of necrosis

Answer 16

coagulative- with ischemia. makes infarct. lose myocardium.

liquefactive- loss of substance, in brain or accesses

fat necrosis- necrosis in fat

caseous necrosis- necrotizing granulomas combination of liquefactive and coagulative. fungal or TB infection

gangrenous necrosis- necrosis of whole anatomic area

firinoid necrosis-

Question 17

coagulative necrosis stages

Answer 17

1 day normal
3 days neutrophils
1 week lymph’s mostly present
2 weeks macros

Question 18

caseous necrosis

Answer 18

multicellular giant bunches. pale cheesy look to it.

Question 19

fibronoid necrosis

Answer 19

really fibrin deposition + necrosis

Question 20

myelin figure

Answer 20

opening in the cells membrane

Question 21

lipofuscin

Answer 21

degraded lipid in lysosomes, free radical damdge

Question 22

bilirubin

Answer 22

hemoglobin breakdown product
normally present in bile
jaundice

Question 23

hemosiderin

Answer 23

iron containing pigment

excessive iron absorption, bleeding into tissues.

looks like brown stuff in tissues.

found by iron stain, turn blue.

Question 24

Melanin

Answer 24

brown pigment, made in melanocytes

Question 25

intracellular protein storage

Answer 25

alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency- looks like blood clumps.
can end up with emphysema.

Russel bodies in plasma cells- antibody accumulation.

Question 26

extracellular protein storage

Answer 26

amyloid.

fibrosis

Question 27

Anthracosis

Answer 27

carbon pigment

mostly in lungs- coal workers.

Question 28

calcification

Answer 28

Hydroxyapatite

Dystrofic- into damaged tissue

metastatic- into normal tissue.